{"id":100,"date":"2021-01-18T11:37:41","date_gmt":"2021-01-18T03:37:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ppdd.vip\/?p=100"},"modified":"2021-01-18T11:37:41","modified_gmt":"2021-01-18T03:37:41","slug":"%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0linux%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%ef%bc%8c%e7%9c%8b%e8%bf%99%e7%af%872w%e5%a4%9a%e5%ad%97%e7%9a%84%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%e8%af%a6%e8%a7%a3%e5%b0%b1%e5%a4%9f%e4%ba%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ppdd.vip\/index.php\/2021\/01\/18\/%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0linux%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%ef%bc%8c%e7%9c%8b%e8%bf%99%e7%af%872w%e5%a4%9a%e5%ad%97%e7%9a%84%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%e8%af%a6%e8%a7%a3%e5%b0%b1%e5%a4%9f%e4%ba%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5b66\u4e60linux\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u770b\u8fd9\u7bc72w\u591a\u5b57\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u8be6\u89e3\u5c31\u591f\u4e86"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5e8f\u8a00
\n\u2003\u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9blinux\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u89e3\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b\u3002\u7531\u4e8elinux\u547d\u4ee4\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u7279\u610f\u9009\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e5\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u8f83\u4e3a\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u6587\u7ae0\u5f88\u957f\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u5927\u5bb6\u6536\u85cf\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u7528\u5230\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e86\u518d\u6765\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u5b66\u4e60linux\u547d\u4ee4\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528linux\u81ea\u5e26\u7684man\u624b\u518c\uff0c\u6240\u6709linux\u547d\u4ee4\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u7ec6\u5219\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u8be5\u624b\u518c\u4e2d\u8bb2\u89e3\u7684\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u4e66\u5199\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u53c2\u8003\u8be5\u624b\u518c\u548c\u65e5\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u5e0c\u671b\u518d\u8865\u5145\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7559\u8a00\u7ed9\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u6301\u7eed\u66f4\u65b0\u8be5\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u624b\u518c\u3002<\/p>\n

Linux\u521d\u7ea7\u6307\u4ee4
\nls \u2014\u2014List
\nls \u4ecb\u7ecd
\n\u2003\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u5b66Linux\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e5f\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60Linux\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u3002ls\u5168\u79f0list.<\/p>\n

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor –sort is specified.<\/p>\n

\u5217\u51fa\u6709\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f(\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6307\u5b9a-cftuvSUX\u6216\u2014\u2014Sort\uff0c\u5219\u6309\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2003\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u8bf4\u7684\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5217\u51fa\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u8005\u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u8005\u76ee\u5f55\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n

eg\uff1a<\/p>\n

$ls \/etc\/hosts
\n\/etc\/hosts
\n\u2003ls\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u7247
\nimage-20191221161638964
\nls \u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nls [OPTION]… [FILE]…<\/p>\n

ls\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-a \u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9690\u85cf\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n

-c \u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f(-t)\u6216\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u6253\u5370(-l)\u7684\u65f6\u95f4<\/p>\n

-h \u4e0e-l\u9009\u9879\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u4f4d\u540e\u7f00:Byte\u3001Kilobyte\u3001mete\u3001gb\u3001tb\u548cPetabyte\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee52\u4e3a\u57fa\u6570\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u5c06\u6570\u5b57\u51cf\u5c11\u52303\u6216\u66f4\u5c11<\/p>\n

-l \u957f\u683c\u5f0f\u5217\u8868\u3002(\u89c1\u4e0b\u6587)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u7ec8\u7aef\uff0c\u5219\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u603b\u548c\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u957f\u6e05\u5355\u524d\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u884c\u4e2d<\/p>\n

-n \u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u7528\u6237\u548c\u7ec4id\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u957f(-l)\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u6216\u7ec4\u540d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6253\u5f00-l\u9009\u9879<\/p>\n

-o \u4ee5\u957f\u683c\u5f0f\u5217\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u7701\u7565\u7ec4id<\/p>\n

-s \u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5757\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5512\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u90e8\u5206\u5355\u5143\u56db\u820d\u4e94\u5165\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u503c<\/p>\n

-t \u5728\u6309\u7167\u5b57\u5178\u987a\u5e8f\u5bf9\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5148\u6309\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6392\u5e8f(\u6700\u8fd1\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u662ffirst)<\/p>\n

-u \u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n

ls \u7528\u6cd5\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a
\n$ ls
\ntest tmp
\n$ ls -a
\n. .. .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc test tmp<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u901a\u8fc7ls -a \u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u5f71\u85cf\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cLinux\u4e0b(.)\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u9690\u85cf\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/h1>\n

$ ls -l
\ntotal 4
\n-rw-r–r– 1 test hero 0 Dec 21 19:54 test
\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 test hero 4096 Dec 21 19:54 tmp
\n$ ls -lh
\ntotal 4.0K
\n-rw-r–r– 1 test hero 0 Dec 21 19:54 test
\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 test hero 4.0K Dec 21 19:54 tmp
\n$ ls -ll
\ntotal 4
\n-rw-r–r– 1 test hero 0 Dec 21 19:54 test
\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 test hero 4096 Dec 21 19:54 tmp
\n$ ls -alh
\ntotal 28K
\ndrwx—— 3 test hero 4.0K Dec 21 19:54 .
\ndrwxr-xr-x. 19 root root 4.0K Aug 1 10:41 ..
\n-rw——- 1 test hero 226 Dec 21 19:54 .bash_history
\n-rw-r–r– 1 test hero 18 Aug 3 2016 .bash_logout
\n-rw-r–r– 1 test hero 193 Aug 3 2016 .bash_profile
\n-rw-r–r– 1 test hero 231 Aug 3 2016 .bashrc
\n-rw-r–r– 1 test hero 0 Dec 21 19:54 test
\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 test hero 4.0K Dec 21 19:54 tmp
\n$ ls -o
\ntotal 4
\n-rw-r–r– 1 test 0 Dec 21 19:54 test
\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 test 4096 Dec 21 19:54 tmp
\n$ ls -oh
\ntotal 4.0K
\n-rw-r–r– 1 test 0 Dec 21 19:54 test
\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 test 4.0K Dec 21 19:54 tmp
\npwd \u2014\u2014 Print Working Directory
\npwd\u4ecb\u7ecd
\n\u2003\u6253\u5370\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\u540d\u3002(print name of current\/working directory)<\/p>\n

\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\npwd [OPTION]…<\/p>\n

pwd \u7528\u6cd5\u5c55\u793a
\n[test@Mfate171193 \/home\/test] 20:06
\n$ pwd
\n\/home\/test
\ntouch (change file timestamps)
\ntouch\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nUpdate the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.<\/p>\n

A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied.<\/p>\n

\u2003\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u66f4\u65b0\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u9664\u975e\u63d0\u4f9b-c\u6216-h\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c06\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684FILE\u53c2\u6570\u521b\u5efa\u4e3a\u7a7a\u3002<\/p>\n

touch\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ntouch [OPTION]… FILE…<\/p>\n

touch\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-a \u6216–time=atime\u6216–time=access\u6216–time=use \u53ea\u66f4\u6539\u5b58\u53d6\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

-c \u6216–no-create \u4e0d\u5efa\u7acb\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u6863\u3002<\/p>\n

-d \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

-f \u6b64\u53c2\u6570\u5c06\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u4e88\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ec5\u8d1f\u8d23\u89e3\u51b3BSD\u7248\u672ctouch\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

-m \u6216–time=mtime\u6216–time=modify \u53ea\u66f4\u6539\u53d8\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

-r \u628a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u6863\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u7edf\u7edf\u8bbe\u6210\u548c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u6863\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

-t \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7528\u6cd5\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n

\u521b\u5efa\u4e09\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6<\/h1>\n

$ touch test1 test2 test3<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u6863<\/h1>\n

$ touch -c test5
\n$ ls
\ntest1 test2 test3<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u53ea\u521b\u5efa\u4e86test1\u3001test2\u3001test3 \uff0c -c\u4e0d\u5efa\u7acb\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u4ef6<\/h1>\n

$ touch -t 201911110000 test1
\n$ stat test*<\/p>\n

stat\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u53d8\u66f4\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5test1\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a201911110000\uff0c\u8bf4\u660etouch -t\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u6700\u540e\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u8fd8\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4f60\u6700\u8fd1\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4fee\u6539\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u65e9\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u54c8\u54c8\u3002<\/h1>\n

File: \u2018test1\u2019
\nSize: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file
\nDevice: fd01h\/64769d Inode: 360736 Links: 1
\nAccess: (0644\/-rw-r–r–) Uid: (14060\/ localhost) Gid: ( 1001\/ hero)
\nAccess: 2019-11-11 00:00:00.000000000 +0800
\nModify: 2019-11-11 00:00:00.000000000 +0800
\nChange: 2019-12-21 20:58:11.290761038 +0800
\nBirth: –
\nFile: \u2018test2\u2019
\nSize: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file
\nDevice: fd01h\/64769d Inode: 360738 Links: 1
\nAccess: (0644\/-rw-r–r–) Uid: (14060\/ localhost) Gid: ( 1001\/ hero)
\nAccess: 2019-12-21 20:56:34.523761038 +0800
\nModify: 2019-12-21 20:56:34.523761038 +0800
\nChange: 2019-12-21 20:56:34.523761038 +0800
\nBirth: –
\nFile: \u2018test3\u2019
\nSize: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file
\nDevice: fd01h\/64769d Inode: 360740 Links: 1
\nAccess: (0644\/-rw-r–r–) Uid: (14060\/ localhost) Gid: ( 1001\/ hero)
\nAccess: 2019-12-21 20:56:34.523761038 +0800
\nModify: 2019-12-21 20:56:34.523761038 +0800
\nChange: 2019-12-21 20:56:34.523761038 +0800
\nBirth: –
\ncat&tac (Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.)
\ncat\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nConcatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.<\/p>\n

\u5c06FILE\u6216\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n

cat \u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ncat [OPTION]… [FILE]…<\/p>\n

cat\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-A, –show-all \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e -vET<\/p>\n

-b, –number-nonblank \u5bf9\u975e\u7a7a\u8f93\u51fa\u884c\u7f16\u53f7<\/p>\n

-e \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e -vE<\/p>\n

-E, –show-ends \u5728\u6bcf\u884c\u7ed3\u675f\u5904\u663e\u793a<\/p>\n

-n, –number \u5bf9\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\u7f16\u53f7,\u75311\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u6570\u7f16\u53f7<\/p>\n

-s, –squeeze-blank \u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u4e24\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u884c\uff0c\u5c31\u4ee3\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u884c<\/p>\n

-t \u4e0e -vT \u7b49\u4ef7<\/p>\n

-T, –show-tabs \u5c06\u8df3\u683c\u5b57\u7b26\u663e\u793a\u4e3a ^I<\/p>\n

-u (\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565)<\/p>\n

-v, –show-nonprinting \u4f7f\u7528 ^ \u548c M- \u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u9664\u4e86 LFD \u548c TAB \u4e4b\u5916<\/p>\n

cat\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ cat test #\u5c55\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9
\n-A, –show-all \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e -vET
\n-b, –number-nonblank \u5bf9\u975e\u7a7a\u8f93\u51fa\u884c\u7f16\u53f7
\n-e \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e -vE<\/p>\n

$ cat -n test #\u5c55\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u5e76\u4e14\u5c55\u793a\u884c\u53f7
\n1 -A, –show-all \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e -vET
\n2 -b, –number-nonblank \u5bf9\u975e\u7a7a\u8f93\u51fa\u884c\u7f16\u53f7
\n3 -e \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e -vE
\ntac\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0ecat\u547d\u4ee4\u5c55\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e26\u884c\u53f7\u8f93\u51fa\u3002
\n$ tac test
\n-e \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e -vE
\n-b, –number-nonblank \u5bf9\u975e\u7a7a\u8f93\u51fa\u884c\u7f16\u53f7
\n-A, –show-all \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e -vET
\nmkdir \u2014\u2014 Make Directory
\nmkdir\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nCreate the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n

mkdir\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nmkdir [OPTION]… DIRECTORY…<\/p>\n

mkdir\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-m, –mode=\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6743\u9650<\u6a21\u5f0f> (\u7c7b\u4f3c chmod)\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f rwxrwxrwx \u51cf umask<\/p>\n

-p, –parents \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8def\u5f84\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u82e5\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u76ee\u5f55\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728,\u52a0\u4e0a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u540e,\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u81ea\u52a8\u5efa\u7acb\u597d\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u5f55,\u5373\u4e00\u6b21\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u591a\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55;<\/p>\n

-v, –verbose \u6bcf\u6b21\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55\u90fd\u663e\u793a\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n

–help \u663e\u793a\u6b64\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa<\/p>\n

–version \u8f93\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa<\/p>\n

mkdir\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n

\u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6test<\/h1>\n

$ mkdir test<\/p>\n

\u8fde\u7eed\u521b\u5efa<\/h1>\n

$ mkdir -p test1\/tmp
\n$ ls
\ntest test1<\/p>\n

\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u7f6e\u9876\u76ee\u5f55\u6743\u9650<\/h1>\n

tmp\u76ee\u5f55\u62e5\u6709\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\uff0cLinux\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u95ee\u9898\u540e\u671f\u6587\u7ae0\u4f1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u5230\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u6211<\/h1>\n

$ mkdir -pm 777 test2\/tmp
\n$ ls -lh
\ntotal 12K
\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 localhost hero 4.0K Dec 21 21:39 test
\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 localhost hero 4.0K Dec 21 21:40 test1
\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 localhost hero 4.0K Dec 21 21:40 test2
\n$ ls
\ntest test1 test2<\/p>\n

-v \u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u786e\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u5982\u4e0b\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n

$ mkdir -v test
\nmkdir: cannot create directory \u2018test\u2019: File exists<\/p>\n

$ mkdir -v test7
\nmkdir: created directory \u2018test7\u2019
\ncd \u2014\u2014 Change Directory
\ncd\u4ecb\u7ecd
\n\u2003\u5207\u6362\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u81f3\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n

\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n

\u6253\u5370\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa<\/h1>\n

$ pwd
\n\/Users\/localhost<\/p>\n

\u5207\u6362\u5230\u76ee\u5f55\/<\/h1>\n

$cd \/
\n\u2003cd\u547d\u4ee4\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u5207\u6362\u76ee\u5f55\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\uff0c\u8f83\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u8bc4\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n

rm&rmdir \u2014\u2014 Remove Directory
\nrm\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe rm utility attempts to remove the non-directory type files specified on the command line. If the permissions of the file do not permit writing, and the standard input device is a terminal, the user is prompted (on the standard error output) for confirmation.<\/p>\n

rm\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5220\u9664\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e0a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u975e\u76ee\u5f55\u7c7b\u578b\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5199\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bbe\u5907\u662f\u7ec8\u7aef\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u63d0\u793a\u7528\u6237\uff08\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0a\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u786e\u8ba4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2003rm\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u8fd8\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5220\u9664\u6062\u590d\u6bd4\u8f83\u9ebb\u70e6\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u81ea\u5e26-i\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u8ba4\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5220\u6389\u4e86\uff0c\u662f\u771f\u5220\u6389\uff0c\u4ece\u5185\u5b58\u62b9\u6389\u90a3\u79cd\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u5e95\u5c42\u662f\u8ba9\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u9488\u4e0d\u6307\u5411\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5757\uff0c\u5185\u5b58\u4e0a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6062\u590d\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u626b\u63cf\u6574\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u5757\u624d\u80fd\u62ff\u5230\u5185\u5bb9\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8f7b\u6613\u5220\u6389\u4f60\u5199\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4ee3\u7801\uff0chh\u3002<\/p>\n

rm\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nrm [-dfiPRrvW] file …<\/p>\n

rm\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-f, –force \u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u7ed9\u51fa\u63d0\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n

-i, –interactive \u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u5220\u9664<\/p>\n

-r, -R, –recursive \u6307\u793arm\u5c06\u53c2\u6570\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u5747\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n

-d, –dir \u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n

rm\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n

\u521b\u5efa\u4e09\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6<\/h1>\n

$ touch tmp.cc tmp.java tmp.py tmp.go<\/p>\n

\u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6<\/h1>\n

$ mkdir -p linux\/test<\/p>\n

\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u521b\u5efa\u6210\u529f<\/h1>\n

$ ls
\nlinux tmp.cc tmp.go tmp.java tmp.py<\/p>\n

\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u63d0\u793a<\/h1>\n

$ rm -i tmp.cc
\nremove tmp.cc? y<\/p>\n

\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664<\/h1>\n

$ rm -f tmp.go<\/p>\n

\u5220\u9664\u76ee\u5f55<\/h1>\n

$ rm -f linux #\u5220\u9664\u76ee\u5f55\u5931\u8d25
\nrm: linux: is a directory<\/p>\n

\u5faa\u73af\u5220\u9664\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6<\/h1>\n

$ rm -rf linux #\u5220\u9664\u76ee\u5f55\u6210\u529f\uff0c
\n$ ls
\ntmp.java tmp.py
\n\u2003rmdir==rm -d \u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n

mv \u2014\u2014 Move
\nmv\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nIn its first form, the mv utility renames the file named by the source operand to the destination path named by the target operand. This form is assumed when the last operand does not name an already existing directory.<\/p>\n

In its second form, mv moves each file named by a source operand to a destination file in the existing directory named by the directory operand. The destination path for each operand is the pathname produced by the concatenation of the last operand, a slash, and the final pathname component of the named file.<\/p>\n

\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u79fb\u52a8\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u8005\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u7f6e\u9876\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n

mv\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nmv [-f | -i | -n] [-v] source target mv [-f | -i | -n] [-v] source … directory<\/p>\n

mv\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-b \uff1a\u82e5\u9700\u8986\u76d6\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5219\u8986\u76d6\u524d\u5148\u884c\u5907\u4efd\u3002<\/p>\n

-f \uff1aforce \u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8be2\u95ee\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u8986\u76d6\uff1b<\/p>\n

-i \uff1a\u82e5\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6 (destination) \u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8be2\u95ee\u662f\u5426\u8986\u76d6<\/p>\n

-n\uff1a\u4e0d\u8981\u8986\u76d6\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \uff08-n\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u8986\u76d6\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55-f\u6216-i\u9009\u9879\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

-u \uff1a\u82e5\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e14 source \u6bd4\u8f83\u65b0\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u66f4\u65b0(update)<\/p>\n

mv\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n

\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/h2>\n

$ touch tmp.cc<\/p>\n

$ ls
\ntmp.cc<\/p>\n

$ mv tmp.cc tmp.java<\/p>\n

$ ls
\ntmp.java<\/p>\n

\u79fb\u52a8\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u76ee\u5f55<\/h1>\n

$ pwd
\n\/Users\/localhost\/test<\/p>\n

\u79fb\u52a8\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u91cd\u547d\u540d<\/h1>\n

$ mv \/Users\/localhost\/logs\/tmp.txt .\/tmp.log <\/p>\n

$ ls \/Users\/localhost\/logs\/
\ndiscover-client metabase tesla<\/p>\n

$ ls .\/
\ntmp.java tmp.log<\/p>\n

\u79fb\u52a8\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u91cd\u547d\u540d<\/h1>\n

$ mv \/Users\/localhost\/logs\/tesla .\/tesla.ba <\/p>\n

$ ls
\ntesla.ba tmp.java tmp.log
\n\u2003\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u5199makefile\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u7528\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u8212\u670d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u79fb\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n

cp \u2014\u2014 Copy
\ncp\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nIn the first synopsis form, the cp utility copies the contents of the source_file to the target_file. In the second synopsis form, the contents of each named source_file is copied to the destination target_directory. The names of the files themselves are not changed. If cp detects an attempt to copy a file to itself, the copy will fail.<\/p>\n

cp\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c06source_file\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u590d\u5236\u5230target_file\u3002 \u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5927\u7eb2\u683c\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u547d\u540d\u7684source_file\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u590d\u5236\u5230\u76ee\u6807target_directory\u3002 \u6587\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66f4\u6539\u3002 \u5982\u679ccp\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u590d\u5236\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u5219\u590d\u5236\u5c06\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n

cp\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ncp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file target_file cp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file … target_directory<\/p>\n

\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-a, –archive \u7b49\u4e8e-dR –preserve=all<\/p>\n

–backup[=CONTROL \u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u521b\u5efa\u5907\u4efd<\/p>\n

-b \u7c7b\u4f3c–backup \u4f46\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u53c2\u6570<\/p>\n

–copy-contents \u5728\u9012\u5f52\u5904\u7406\u662f\u590d\u5236\u7279\u6b8a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n

-d \u7b49\u4e8e–no-dereference –preserve=links<\/p>\n

-f, –force \u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u65e0\u6cd5\u6253\u5f00\u5219\u5c06\u5176\u79fb\u9664\u5e76\u91cd\u8bd5(\u5f53 -n \u9009\u9879<\/p>\n

\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u5219\u4e0d\u9700\u518d\u9009\u6b64\u9879)<\/p>\n

-i, –interactive \u8986\u76d6\u524d\u8be2\u95ee(\u4f7f\u524d\u9762\u7684 -n \u9009\u9879\u5931\u6548)<\/p>\n

-H \u8ddf\u968f\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5<\/p>\n

-l, –link \u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u590d\u5236<\/p>\n

-L, –dereference \u603b\u662f\u8ddf\u968f\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5<\/p>\n

-n, –no-clobber \u4e0d\u8981\u8986\u76d6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6587\u4ef6(\u4f7f\u524d\u9762\u7684 -i \u9009\u9879\u5931\u6548)<\/p>\n

-P, –no-dereference \u4e0d\u8ddf\u968f\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5<\/p>\n

-p \u7b49\u4e8e–preserve=\u6a21\u5f0f,\u6240\u6709\u6743,\u65f6\u95f4\u6233<\/p>\n

–preserve[=\u5c5e\u6027\u5217\u8868 \u4fdd\u6301\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027(\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff1a\u6a21\u5f0f,\u6240\u6709\u6743,\u65f6\u95f4\u6233)\uff0c\u5982\u679c<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u9644\u52a0\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a\u73af\u5883\u3001\u94fe\u63a5\u3001xattr \u7b49<\/p>\n

-R, -r, –recursive \u590d\u5236\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u76ee\u5f55\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9879\u76ee<\/p>\n

\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ cat tmp.cc
\nchange world<\/p>\n

\u62f7\u8d1d\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9<\/h1>\n

$ cp tmp.cc tmp.java<\/p>\n

$ cat tmp.java
\nchange world
\necho
\necho\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe echo utility writes any specified operands, separated by single blank (‘) characters and followed by a newline (\\n’) character, to the standard output.<\/p>\n

echo\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u5199\u5165\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u7531\u5355\u4e2a\u7a7a\u683c\uff08\uff09\u5b57\u7b26\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u540e\u8ddf\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff08\\ n’\uff09\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u8f83\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u6765\u6253\u5370\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u6587\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\u5230\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n

$ echo "change world"
\nchange world<\/p>\n

s\u8f93\u51faPWD\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c<\/h1>\n

$ echo $PWD
\n\/Users\/localhost\/test
\n$PWD \u662f\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u7136\u540eecho\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u822cecho \\$name \u7528\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u67d0\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c<\/p>\n

head&tail
\nhead\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThis filter displays the first count lines or bytes of each of the specified files, or of the standard input if no files are specified. If count is omitted it defaults to 10.<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\uff08\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\u7684\u524d\u51e0\u884c\u6216\u5b57\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n

If more than a single file is specified, each file is preceded by a header consisting of the string ==> XXX <==” whereXXX” is the name of the file.<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u7701\u7565count\uff0c\u5219\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a10.\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5219\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5934\u5747\u7531\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32==> XXX <==”\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dXXX”\u4e3a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d \u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

head\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nhead [-n count | -c bytes] [file …]<\/p>\n

head\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n-n \u5c55\u793a\u524dn\u884c<\/p>\n

-c \u5c55\u793a\u524dn\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26<\/p>\n

head\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ cat -n test.txt #\u8fd9\u5c31\u7528\u4e0a\u524d\u9762\u7684cat\u547d\u4ee4\u7684-n\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8981\u5b66\u4f1a\u5b66\u4ee5\u81f4\u7528\u54e6\u3002
\n1 \u7528
\n2 \u5fc3
\n3 \u5206
\n4 \u4eab\uff0c
\n5 \u5171
\n6 \u540c
\n7 \u6210
\n8 \u957f.
\n9
\n10 \u6ca1
\n11 \u6709
\n12 \u4ec0
\n13 \u4e48
\n14 \u6bd4
\n15 \u4f60
\n16 \u6bcf
\n17 \u5929
\n18 \u8fdb
\n19 \u6b65
\n20 \u4e00
\n21 \u70b9
\n22 \u66f4
\n23 \u5b9e
\n24 \u5728
\n25 \u4e86
\n26 .<\/p>\n

$ head test.txt #\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5c55\u793a10\u884c
\n\u7528
\n\u5fc3
\n\u5206
\n\u4eab\uff0c
\n\u5171
\n\u540c
\n\u6210
\n\u957f.<\/p>\n

\u6ca1<\/p>\n

$ head -n15 test.txt #\u5c55\u793a15\u884c
\n\u7528
\n\u5fc3
\n\u5206
\n\u4eab\uff0c
\n\u5171
\n\u540c
\n\u6210
\n\u957f.<\/p>\n

\u6ca1
\n\u6709
\n\u4ec0
\n\u4e48
\n\u6bd4
\n\u4f60<\/p>\n

$ head -c23 test.txt #\u5c55\u793a\u524d23\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c49\u5b57\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684(utf-8\u7f16\u7801\u4e2d\u6587\u5b57\u7b26\u957f\u5ea6\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684)
\n\u7528
\n\u5fc3
\n\u5206
\n\u4eab\uff0c
\n\u5171
\ntail\u547d\u4ee4\u5b8c\u5168\u548c\u4ed6\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u5c3e\u90e8\u5f00\u59cb\u5c55\u793a\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u6cd5\u66f4\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n

-f \u5faa\u73af\u8bfb\u53d6<\/p>\n

-q \u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n

-v \u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n

-c<\u6570\u76ee> \u663e\u793a\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570<\/p>\n

-n<\u884c\u6570> \u663e\u793a\u884c\u6570<\/p>\n

–pid=PID \u4e0e-f\u5408\u7528,\u8868\u793a\u5728\u8fdb\u7a0bID,PID\u6b7b\u6389\u4e4b\u540e\u7ed3\u675f.<\/p>\n

-q, –quiet, –silent \u4ece\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed9\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u7684\u9996\u90e8<\/p>\n

-s, –sleep-interval=S \u4e0e-f\u5408\u7528,\u8868\u793a\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u95f4\u9694\u4f11\u7720S\u79d2<\/p>\n

tail\u548chead\u547d\u4ee4\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u50cf\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u4f1a\u7528\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u7528vim\u6216\u8005cat\u8fd9\u6837\u53bb\u770b\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u65e5\u5fd7\u91cf\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u662f\u51e0\u5341\u4e2aG\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u7528tail\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u7528more&less(\u4e0b\u9762\u4f1a\u8bb2)\u3002<\/p>\n

more&less
\nmore\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nLess is a program similar to more (1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors like vi (1). Less uses termcap (or terminfo on some systems), so it can run on a variety of terminals. There is even limited support for hardcopy terminals. (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with a caret.)<\/p>\n

more\u6bcf\u6b21\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u628a\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u5165\u5185\u5b58\u800c\u662f\u6d41\u5f0f\u8bfb\u53d6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3avi|vim\u67d0\u4e2a\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7cfb\u7edfoom\u3002<\/p>\n

more&less\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u6d41\u5f0f\u8bfb\u53d6\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u7ffb\u9875\uff0c\u50cfcat\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u8bfb\u53d6\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u592a\u5927\u4f1a\u628a\u5c4f\u5e55\u5237\u6ee1\u7684\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n

more\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nmore [-dlfpcsu ] [-num ] [+\/ pattern] [+ linenum] [file … ]<\/p>\n

more\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n+n \u4ece\u7b2bn\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u663e\u793a<\/p>\n

-n \u5b9a\u4e49\u5c4f\u5e55\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3an\u884c<\/p>\n

+\/pattern \u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6863\u6848\u663e\u793a\u524d\u641c\u5bfb\u8be5\u5b57\u4e32\uff08pattern\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ece\u8be5\u5b57\u4e32\u524d\u4e24\u884c\u4e4b\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u663e\u793a<\/p>\n

-c \u4ece\u9876\u90e8\u6e05\u5c4f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u663e\u793a<\/p>\n

-d \u63d0\u793a\u201cPress space to continue\uff0c\u2019q\u2019 to quit\uff08\u6309\u7a7a\u683c\u952e\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u6309q\u952e\u9000\u51fa\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u7981\u7528\u54cd\u94c3\u529f\u80fd<\/p>\n

-l \u5ffd\u7565Ctrl+l\uff08\u6362\u9875\uff09\u5b57\u7b26<\/p>\n

-p \u901a\u8fc7\u6e05\u9664\u7a97\u53e3\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6eda\u5c4f\u6765\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u6362\u9875\uff0c\u4e0e-c\u9009\u9879\u76f8\u4f3c<\/p>\n

-s \u628a\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u7a7a\u884c\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u4e00\u884c<\/p>\n

-u \u628a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0b\u753b\u7ebf\u53bb\u6389<\/p>\n

less \u4e0e more \u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u4f7f\u7528 less \u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u6d4f\u89c8\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c more \u4ec5\u80fd\u5411\u524d\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14 less \u5728\u67e5\u770b\u4e4b\u524d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n

wc
\nwc\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe wc utility displays the number of lines, words, and bytes contained in each input file, or standard input (if no file is specified) to the standard output. A line is defined as a string of characters delimited by acharac-ter. Characters beyond the finalcharacter will not be included in the line count.<\/p>\n

wc\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\uff08\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u884c\u6570\uff0c\u5b57\u6570\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002 \u4e00\u884c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u7531\u5b57\u7b26\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5c06\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u884c\u6570\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u8fd8\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6df1\u523b\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u521a\u5b66\u4e60\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u611f\u89c9\u6211\u5199\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5f88\u591a\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u5c31\u5f88\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u5199\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u65f6\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u8bf4\u5e72\u5c31\u5e72\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5199\u4e86\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53bb\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u628a\uff0c\u5199\u5b8c\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd8\u611f\u89c9\u81ea\u5df1\u86ee\u5389\u5bb3\u7684\uff0c\u8c01\u77e5\u9053\u4e4b\u540e\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2awc\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c31\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd8\u662f\u5ae9\u4e86\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u591a\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/p>\n

wc\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nwc [-clmw] [file …]<\/p>\n

wc\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-c \u7edf\u8ba1\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n

-l \u7edf\u8ba1\u884c\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n

-m \u7edf\u8ba1\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e -c \u6807\u5fd7\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

-w \u7edf\u8ba1\u5b57\u6570\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u7531\u7a7a\u767d\u3001\u8df3\u683c\u6216\u6362\u884c\u5b57\u7b26\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002<\/p>\n

-L \u6253\u5370\u6700\u957f\u884c\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ ls
\ntest.txt<\/p>\n

$ wc test.txt
\n26 26 103 test.txt<\/p>\n

$ wc -l test.txt #\u76f4\u63a5\u4e00\u628a\u7edf\u8ba1\u884c\u6570
\n26 test.txt<\/p>\n

$ wc -c test.txt
\n103 test.txt
\ndate & cal
\ndate\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nWhen invoked without arguments, the date utility displays the current date and time. Otherwise, depending on the options specified, date will set the date and time or print it in a user-defined way.<\/p>\n

The date utility displays the date and time read from the kernel clock. When used to set the date and time, both the kernel clock and the hardware clock are updated.<\/p>\n

Only the superuser may set the date, and if the system securelevel (see securelevel(7)) is greater than 1, the time may not be changed by more than 1 second.<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0cdate\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002 \u5426\u5219\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u65e5\u671f\u5c06\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u4ee5\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6253\u5370\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

date\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u663e\u793a\u4ece\u5185\u6838\u65f6\u949f\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002 \u5f53\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u65f6\uff0c\u5185\u6838\u65f6\u949f\u548c\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u90fd\u5c06\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53ea\u6709\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65e5\u671f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b89\u5168\u7ea7\u522b\uff08\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605securelevel\uff087\uff09\uff09\u5927\u4e8e1\uff0c\u5219\u65f6\u95f4\u66f4\u6539\u4e0d\u5f97\u8d85\u8fc71\u79d2\u3002<\/p>\n

date\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ndate [-jRu] [-r seconds | filename] [-v [+|-]val[ymwdHMS]] … [+output_fmt] date [-jnu] [[[mm]dd]HH]MM[[cc]yy][.ss] date [-jnRu] -f input_fmt new_date [+output_fmt] date [-d dst] [-t minutes_west]<\/p>\n

date\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n%H \u5c0f\u65f6(\u4ee500-23\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%I \u5c0f\u65f6(\u4ee501-12\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%K \u5c0f\u65f6(\u4ee50-23\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%l \u5c0f\u65f6(\u4ee50-12\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%M \u5206\u949f(\u4ee500-59\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%P AM\u6216PM\u3002<\/p>\n

%r \u65f6\u95f4(\u542b\u65f6\u5206\u79d2\uff0c\u5c0f\u65f6\u4ee512\u5c0f\u65f6AM\/PM\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%s \u603b\u79d2\u6570\u3002\u8d77\u7b97\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC\u3002<\/p>\n

%S \u79d2(\u4ee5\u672c\u5730\u7684\u60ef\u7528\u6cd5\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%T \u65f6\u95f4(\u542b\u65f6\u5206\u79d2\uff0c\u5c0f\u65f6\u4ee524\u5c0f\u65f6\u5236\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%X \u65f6\u95f4(\u4ee5\u672c\u5730\u7684\u60ef\u7528\u6cd5\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%Z \u5e02\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n

%a \u661f\u671f\u7684\u7f29\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n

%A \u661f\u671f\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n

%b \u6708\u4efd\u82f1\u6587\u540d\u7684\u7f29\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n

%B \u6708\u4efd\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u82f1\u6587\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n

%c \u65e5\u671f\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u53ea\u8f93\u5165date\u6307\u4ee4\u4e5f\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n

%d \u65e5\u671f(\u4ee501-31\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%D \u65e5\u671f(\u542b\u5e74\u6708\u65e5)\u3002<\/p>\n

%j \u8be5\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u51e0\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n

%m \u6708\u4efd(\u4ee501-12\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%U \u8be5\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u5468\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n

%w \u8be5\u5468\u7684\u5929\u6570\uff0c0\u4ee3\u8868\u5468\u65e5\uff0c1\u4ee3\u8868\u5468\u4e00\uff0c\u5f02\u8bcd\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002<\/p>\n

%x \u65e5\u671f(\u4ee5\u672c\u5730\u7684\u60ef\u7528\u6cd5\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%y \u5e74\u4efd(\u4ee500-99\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%Y \u5e74\u4efd(\u4ee5\u56db\u4f4d\u6570\u6765\u8868\u793a)\u3002<\/p>\n

%n \u5728\u663e\u793a\u65f6\uff0c\u63d2\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

%t \u5728\u663e\u793a\u65f6\uff0c\u63d2\u5165tab\u3002<\/p>\n

MM \u6708\u4efd(\u5fc5\u8981)<\/p>\n

DD \u65e5\u671f(\u5fc5\u8981)<\/p>\n

hh \u5c0f\u65f6(\u5fc5\u8981)<\/p>\n

mm \u5206\u949f(\u5fc5\u8981)<\/p>\n

ss \u79d2(\u9009\u62e9\u6027)<\/p>\n

-d<\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32> \u663e\u793a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6240\u6307\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u540e\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4e0a\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n

-s<\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32> \u6839\u636e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65e5\u671f\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u540e\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4e0a\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n

-u \u663e\u793aGMT\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ date
\n2019\u5e7412\u670822\u65e5 \u661f\u671f\u65e5 21\u65f628\u520629\u79d2 CST<\/p>\n

$ date ‘+%c’
\n\u65e5 12\/22 21:28:33 2019<\/p>\n

$ date ‘+%D’
\n12\/22\/19<\/p>\n

$ date ‘+%T’
\n21:28:50<\/p>\n

$ date ‘+%X’
\n21\u65f629\u520600\u79d2
\ncal\u4ecb\u7ecd
\ncal\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u663e\u793a\u516c\u5386\uff08\u9633\u5386\uff09\u65e5\u5386\u3002<\/p>\n

cal\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ncal [-3hjy] [-A number] [-B number] [[month] year] cal [-3hj] [-A number] [-B number] -m month [year] ncal [-3hjJpwy] [-A number] [-B number] [-s country_code] [[month] year] ncal [-3hJeo] [-A number] [-B number] [year] ncal [-CN] [-H yyyy-mm-dd] [-d yyyy-mm]<\/p>\n

cal\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-1 \u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u6708\u5386<\/p>\n

-3 \u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u6708\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u6708\u5386<\/p>\n

-s \u663e\u793a\u661f\u671f\u5929\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u683c\u5f0f<\/p>\n

-m \u663e\u793a\u661f\u671f\u4e00\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929
\n-j \u663e\u793a\u5728\u5f53\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u51e0\u5929\uff08\u4e00\u5e74\u65e5\u671f\u6309\u5929\u7b97\uff0c\u4ece1\u67081\u53f7\u7b97\u8d77\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u6708\u5728\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u5929\u6570\uff09
\n-y \u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u5e74\u4efd\u7684\u65e5\u5386<\/p>\n

cal\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ cal
\n\u5341\u4e8c\u6708 2019
\n\u65e5 \u4e00 \u4e8c \u4e09 \u56db \u4e94 \u516d
\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7
\n8 9 10 11 12 13 14
\n15 16 17 18 19 20 21
\n22 23 24 25 26 27 28
\n29 30 31<\/p>\n

$ ncal
\n\u5341\u4e8c\u6708 2019
\n\u4e00 2 9 16 23 30
\n\u4e8c 3 10 17 24 31
\n\u4e09 4 11 18 25
\n\u56db 5 12 19 26
\n\u4e94 6 13 20 27
\n\u516d 7 14 21 28
\n\u65e5 1 8 15 22 29
\nwhich
\nwhich\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe which utility takes a list of command names and searches the path for each executable file that would be run had these commands actually been invoked.<\/p>\n

which\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\uff0c\u5728PATH\u53d8\u91cf\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\uff0c\u641c\u7d22\u67d0\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd4\u56de\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528which\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6267\u884c\u7684\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n

which\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\n-n \u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u5fc5\u987b\u5927\u4e8e\u6216\u7b49\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6700\u957f\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n

-p \u4e0e-n\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u5904\u7684\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n

-w \u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u65f6\u680f\u4f4d\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

which\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ which ls
\nalias ls=’ls –color=auto’
\n\/bin\/ls<\/p>\n

$ which which
\nalias which=’alias | \/usr\/bin\/which –tty-only –read-alias –show-dot –show-tilde’
\n\/bin\/alias
\n\/usr\/bin\/which
\nwhereis
\nwhereis\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nwhereis\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u540d\u7684\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u641c\u7d22\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u53c2\u6570-b\uff09\u3001man\u8bf4\u660e\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u53c2\u6570-m\uff09\u548c\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u53c2\u6570-s\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7701\u7565\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5219\u8fd4\u56de\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n

whereis\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nwhereis [program …]<\/p>\n

whereis\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-b \u5b9a\u4f4d\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

-m \u5b9a\u4f4d\u5e2e\u52a9\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

-s \u5b9a\u4f4d\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

-u \u641c\u7d22\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\u9664\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u5e2e\u52a9\u6587\u4ef6\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

-B \u6307\u5b9a\u641c\u7d22\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n

-M \u6307\u5b9a\u641c\u7d22\u5e2e\u52a9\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n

-S \u6307\u5b9a\u641c\u7d22\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n

whereis\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ whereis ls
\n\/bin\/ls<\/p>\n

$ whereis whereis
\n\/usr\/bin\/whereis
\nnl
\nnl\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nnl\u547d\u4ee4\u5728linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7528\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u884c\u53f7\u3002nl \u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u52a0\u4e0a\u884c\u53f7\uff01\u5176\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e cat -n \u6709\u70b9\u4e0d\u592a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c nl \u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u884c\u53f7\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f4d\u6570\u4e0e\u662f\u5426\u81ea\u52a8\u8865\u9f50 0 \u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n

nl\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nnl [-p] [-b type] [-d delim] [-f type] [-h type] [-i incr] [-l num] [-n format] [-s sep] [-v startnum] [-w width] [file]<\/p>\n

nl\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-b \uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a<\/p>\n

-b a \uff1a\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u7a7a\u884c\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5217\u51fa\u884c\u53f7(\u7c7b\u4f3c cat -n)\uff1b<\/p>\n

-b t \uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7a7a\u884c\uff0c\u7a7a\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u4e0d\u8981\u5217\u51fa\u884c\u53f7(\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c)\uff1b<\/p>\n

-n \uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u884c\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\uff1a<\/p>\n

-n ln \uff1a\u884c\u53f7\u5728\u8424\u5e55\u7684\u6700\u5de6\u65b9\u663e\u793a\uff1b<\/p>\n

-n rn \uff1a\u884c\u53f7\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u680f\u4f4d\u7684\u6700\u53f3\u65b9\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u52a0 0 \uff1b<\/p>\n

-n rz \uff1a\u884c\u53f7\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u680f\u4f4d\u7684\u6700\u53f3\u65b9\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4e14\u52a0 0 \uff1b<\/p>\n

-w \uff1a\u884c\u53f7\u680f\u4f4d\u7684\u5360\u7528\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n

-p \u5728\u903b\u8f91\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26\u5904\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/p>\n

nl\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ nl test.txt
\n1 \u7528
\n2 \u5fc3
\n3 \u5206
\n4 \u4eab\uff0c
\n5 \u5171
\n6 \u540c
\n7 \u6210
\n8 \u957f.<\/p>\n

 9    \u6ca1\n10    \u6709\n11    \u4ec0\n12    \u4e48\n13    \u6bd4\n14    \u4f60\n15    \u6bcf\n16    \u5929\n17    \u8fdb\n18    \u6b65\n19    \u4e00\n20    \u70b9\n21    \u66f4\n22    \u5b9e\n23    \u5728\n24    \u4e86\n25    .<\/code><\/pre>\n
ps
\nps\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe ps utility displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about all of your processes that have controlling terminals.<\/p>\n
ps\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u663e\u793a\u6807\u9898\u884c\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u662f\u5305\u542b\u6709\u5173\u5177\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u7ec8\u7aef\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n
ps\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nps [-AaCcEefhjlMmrSTvwXx] [-O fmt | -o fmt] [-G gid[,gid…]] [-g grp[,grp…]] [-u uid[,uid…]] [-p pid[,pid…]] [-t tty[,tty…]] [-U user[,user…]] ps [-L]<\/p>\n
ps\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\na \u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
-a \u663e\u793a\u540c\u4e00\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/p>\n
-A \u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
c \u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u540d\u79f0<\/p>\n
-N \u53cd\u5411\u9009\u62e9<\/p>\n
-e \u7b49\u4e8e\u201c-A\u201d<\/p>\n
e \u663e\u793a\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf<\/p>\n
f \u663e\u793a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n
-H \u663e\u793a\u6811\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784<\/p>\n
r \u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7ec8\u7aef\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
T \u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7ec8\u7aef\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/p>\n
u \u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
-au \u663e\u793a\u8f83\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8d44\u8baf<\/p>\n
-aux \u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5305\u542b\u5176\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u884c\u7a0b<\/p>\n
-C<\u547d\u4ee4> \u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u72b6\u51b5<\/p>\n
–lines<\u884c\u6570> \u6bcf\u9875\u663e\u793a\u7684\u884c\u6570<\/p>\n
–width<\u5b57\u7b26\u6570> \u6bcf\u9875\u663e\u793a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6570<\/p>\n
ps\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/h1>\n
$ps -a<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h1>\n
$ps -ef
\nkill&killall
\nkill\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe  command kill sends the specified signal to the specified process or process group.  If no signal is specified, the TERM signal is sent.  The TERM signal will kill processes which do not catch this signal.  For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught.<\/p>\n
\u547d\u4ee4kill\u5c06\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ec4\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u5219\u53d1\u9001TERM\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002 TERM\u4fe1\u53f7\u5c06\u6740\u6b7b\u4e0d\u6355\u83b7\u8be5\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528KILL\uff089\uff09\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u6355\u83b7\u8be5\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n
kill\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nkill [-s signal|-p] [-q sigval] [-a] [–] pid…
\nkill -l [signal]
\nkill\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-l \u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u82e5\u679c\u4e0d\u52a0\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u7f16\u53f7\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u201c-l\u201d\u53c2\u6570\u4f1a\u5217\u51fa\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u540d\u79f0<\/p>\n
-a \u5f53\u5904\u7406\u5f53\u524d\u8fdb\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u9650\u5236\u547d\u4ee4\u540d\u548c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n
-p \u6307\u5b9akill \u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u6253\u5370\u76f8\u5173\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53d1\u9001\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u53f7<\/p>\n
-s \u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001\u4fe1\u53f7<\/p>\n
-u \u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237<\/p>\n
kill\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fe1\u53f7<\/h1>\n
$ kill -l
\n1) SIGHUP     2) SIGINT   3) SIGQUIT  4) SIGILL   5) SIGTRAP
\n6) SIGABRT     7) SIGBUS   8) SIGFPE   9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1
\n11) SIGSEGV    12) SIGUSR2 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM
\n16) SIGSTKFLT    17) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP
\n21) SIGTTIN    22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG  24) SIGXCPU 25) SIGXFSZ
\n26) SIGVTALRM    27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH    29) SIGIO   30) SIGPWR
\n31) SIGSYS    34) SIGRTMIN    35) SIGRTMIN+1  36) SIGRTMIN+2  37) SIGRTMIN+3
\n38) SIGRTMIN+4    39) SIGRTMIN+5  40) SIGRTMIN+6  41) SIGRTMIN+7  42) SIGRTMIN+8
\n43) SIGRTMIN+9    44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12 47) SIGRTMIN+13
\n48) SIGRTMIN+14    49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14 51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12
\n53) SIGRTMAX-11    54) SIGRTMAX-10 55) SIGRTMAX-9  56) SIGRTMAX-8  57) SIGRTMAX-7
\n58) SIGRTMAX-6    59) SIGRTMAX-5  60) SIGRTMAX-4  61) SIGRTMAX-3  62) SIGRTMAX-2
\n63) SIGRTMAX-1    64) SIGRTMAX
\n\u89e3\u91ca
\nHUP    1    \u7ec8\u7aef\u65ad\u7ebf
\nINT     2    \u4e2d\u65ad\uff08\u540c Ctrl + C\uff09
\nQUIT    3    \u9000\u51fa\uff08\u540c Ctrl + \\\uff09
\nTERM   15    \u7ec8\u6b62
\nKILL    9    \u5f3a\u5236\u7ec8\u6b62
\nCONT   18    \u7ee7\u7eed\uff08\u4e0eSTOP\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c fg\/bg\u547d\u4ee4\uff09
\nSTOP    19    \u6682\u505c\uff08\u540c Ctrl + Z\uff09<\/p>\n
kill -9 \u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f18\u96c5\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528kill -15\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7a0b\u5e8f\u63a5\u6536\u5230SIGTERM\u4fe1\u53f7\u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u5148\u91ca\u653e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u6709\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u6536\u4fe1\u53f7\u540e\uff0c\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08\u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6b63\u5728\u7b49\u5f85IO\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7acb\u9a6c\u505a\u51fa\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u7b49\u5230io\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u5728\u7ed3\u675f\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0cSIGTERM\u591a\u534a\u662f\u4f1a\u88ab\u963b\u585e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8bb2\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0clinux\u57fa\u672c\u6307\u4ee4\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u4e86\u591f\u7528\u4e86\uff0c\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4f60\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u968f\u4fbf\u641e\u641e\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u770b\u770b\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6307\u4ee4\u8bf7\u770b\u8fdb\u9636\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
Linux\u8fdb\u9636\u6307\u4ee4
\nfind
\nfind\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe find utility recursively descends the directory tree for each path listed, evaluating an expression (composed of the primaries” andoperands” listed below) in terms of each file in the tree.<\/p>\n
find\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5bf9\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8def\u5f84\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u904d\u5386\u76ee\u5f55\u6811\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6811\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u8ba1\u7b97\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f(\u7531\u4e0b\u9762\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u521d\u9009\u201d\u548c\u201c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u201d\u7ec4\u6210)\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e86\u89e3\u5f88\u900f\u5f7b\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e8b\u534a\u529f\u500d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u6211\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a<\/p>\n
find\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nfind [-H | -L | -P] [-EXdsx] [-f path] path … [expression] find [-H | -L | -P] [-EXdsx] -f path [path …] [expression]<\/p>\n
find\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-print\uff1a find\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
-exec\uff1a find\u547d\u4ee4\u5bf9\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u53c2\u6570\u6240\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684shell\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3a’command’ { } \\;\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f{  }\u548c\\\uff1b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n
-name  \u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-perm  \u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u6765\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-prune \u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7ffind\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u67e5\u627e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528-depth\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48-prune\u5c06\u88abfind\u547d\u4ee4\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n
-user  \u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u4e3b\u6765\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-group \u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u7ec4\u6765\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-mtime -n +n \u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c – n\u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u66f4\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u8ddd\u73b0\u5728n\u5929\u4ee5\u5185\uff0c+ n\u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u66f4\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u8ddd\u73b0\u5728n\u5929\u4ee5\u524d\u3002find\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u6709-atime\u548c-ctime \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u548c-m time\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n
-nogroup \u67e5\u627e\u65e0\u6709\u6548\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u7ec4\u5728\/etc\/groups\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
-nouser  \u67e5\u627e\u65e0\u6709\u6548\u5c5e\u4e3b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5c5e\u4e3b\u5728\/etc\/passwd\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
-newer file1 ! file2 \u67e5\u627e\u66f4\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u6587\u4ef6file1\u65b0\u4f46\u6bd4\u6587\u4ef6file2\u65e7\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-type \u67e5\u627e\u67d0\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
b – \u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
d – \u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n
c – \u5b57\u7b26\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
p – \u7ba1\u9053\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
l – \u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
f – \u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-size n\uff1a[c] \u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3an\u5757\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e26\u6709c\u65f6\u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u957f\u5ea6\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u8ba1\u3002-depth\uff1a\u5728\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u67e5\u627e\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u5728\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u67e5\u627e\u3002<\/p>\n
-fstype\uff1a\u67e5\u627e\u4f4d\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\/etc\/fstab\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u8be5\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u672c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-mount\uff1a\u5728\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u4e0d\u8de8\u8d8a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edfmount\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
-follow\uff1a\u5982\u679cfind\u547d\u4ee4\u9047\u5230\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c31\u8ddf\u8e2a\u81f3\u94fe\u63a5\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-cpio\uff1a\u5bf9\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4f7f\u7528cpio\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u5907\u4efd\u5230\u78c1\u5e26\u8bbe\u5907\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53e6\u5916,\u4e0b\u9762\u4e09\u4e2a\u7684\u533a\u522b:<\/p>\n
-amin n  \u67e5\u627e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u540eN\u5206\u949f\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-atime n \u67e5\u627e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u540en*24\u5c0f\u65f6\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-cmin n  \u67e5\u627e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u540eN\u5206\u949f\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u6587\u4ef6\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-ctime n \u67e5\u627e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u540en*24\u5c0f\u65f6\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u6587\u4ef6\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-mmin n  \u67e5\u627e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u540eN\u5206\u949f\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u6587\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-mtime n \u67e5\u627e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u540en*24\u5c0f\u65f6\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u6587\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
find\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n-name\u53c2\u6570\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b \u67e5\u627e\/user\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u4ee5.log\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
\u56fe\u7247
\nimage-20191225235202419
\n-exec \u53c2\u6570\u540e\u9762\u8ddf\u7684\u662fcommand\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7ec8\u6b62\u662f\u4ee5;\u4e3a\u7ed3\u675f\u6807\u5fd7\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u53e5\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5206\u53f7\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5404\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5206\u53f7\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u53cd\u659c\u6760\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u5230\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u4e2a\u65e5\u5fd7\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u6211\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65e5\u5fd7\u90fd\u4f1a\u6253\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u547d\u540d\u5f88\u968f\u610f\uff0c\u6211\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u8bf4\u6839\u636e\u540d\u5b57\u5220\u9664\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u7528\u65e5\u671f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5220\u9664\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n
$find \/home\/midou\/logs\/\/ -mtime +30 -name "*.log.gz" -exec rm -rf {} \\;<\/p>\n
{} \u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e22\u4e86 \uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684 \uff1b \u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e22\u4e86\u3002<\/h1>\n
\u5176\u5b9e\u6211\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u653e\u5728\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edfcrontab\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6211\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u76ee\u5f55\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u4e86\u624b\u52a8\u6e05\u7406\u3002corntab\u4f7f\u7528\u8be6\u89e3\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u4f1a\u8bb2\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n
\u2003-exec \u540e\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u4efb\u4f55\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7075\u6d3b\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u518d\u7ed3\u5408\u5230\u524d\u9762\u7684-name\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u73a9\u51fa\u82b1\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
grep
\ngrep\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe grep utility searches any given input files, selecting lines that match one or more patterns.  By default, a pattern matches an input line if the regular expression (RE) in the pattern matches the input line without its trailing newline.  An empty expression matches every line.  Each input line that matches at least one of the patterns is written to the standard output<\/p>\n
grep\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u641c\u7d22\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u7684\u884c\u3002 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff08RE\uff09\u5339\u914d\u8f93\u5165\u884c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5c3e\u968f\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff0c\u5219\u8be5\u6a21\u5f0f\u4f1a\u5339\u914d\u8f93\u5165\u884c\u3002 \u7a7a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u6bcf\u884c\u3002 \u4e0e\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6bcf\u6761\u8f93\u5165\u7ebf\u5747\u5199\u5165\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa<\/p>\n
\u2003\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u6211\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u4f1a\u7528\u5230\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u505a\u57fa\u7840\u670d\u52a1\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u6211\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u514d\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u5c31\u53bb\u8981\u53bb\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e86\uff0c\u65e5\u5fd7\u90fd\u662fG\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528vim\u6253\u5f00\u53bb\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u4f1a\u628a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6302\u6389\uff0cvim\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u6587\u6863\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528grep\u547d\u4ee4\u53bb\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u4fe1\u606f\u5339\u914d\u67e5\u627e\u4e86\u3002\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u540c\u5b66\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u7ecf\u5e38\u67e5\u65e5\u5fd7\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u65e5\u5fd7\u63a5\u5165\u5230ElasticSearch\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u641c\u7d22\u7684\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u7528\u6280\u672f\u53bb\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u53bb\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u67e5\u4e00\u4e0b\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u5b66\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6ca1\u9519\u7684\uff09<\/p>\n
grep\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ngrep [-abcdDEFGHhIiJLlmnOopqRSsUVvwxZ] [-A num] [-B num] [-C[num]] [-e pattern] [-f file] [–binary-files=value] [–color[=when]] [–colour[=when]][–context[=num]] [–label] [–line-buffered] [–null] [pattern] [file …]<\/p>\n
grep\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-a  –text  \u4e0d\u8981\u5ffd\u7565\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n
-A<\u663e\u793a\u884c\u6570>  –after-context=<\u663e\u793a\u884c\u6570>  #\u9664\u4e86\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u5408\u8303\u672c\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u5217\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u8be5\u884c\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
-b  –byte-offset  #\u5728\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u5408\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6807\u793a\u51fa\u8be5\u884c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u7f16\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n
-B<\u663e\u793a\u884c\u6570>  –before-context=<\u663e\u793a\u884c\u6570>  #\u9664\u4e86\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u5408\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u8be5\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
-c  –count  #\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b26\u5408\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u5217\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
-C<\u663e\u793a\u884c\u6570>  –context=<\u663e\u793a\u884c\u6570>\u6216-<\u663e\u793a\u884c\u6570>  #\u9664\u4e86\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u5408\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u8be5\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\u540e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
-d <\u52a8\u4f5c>   –directories=<\u52a8\u4f5c>  #\u5f53\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u662f\u76ee\u5f55\u800c\u975e\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u9879\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5426\u5219grep\u6307\u4ee4\u5c06\u56de\u62a5\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u505c\u6b62\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
-e<\u8303\u672c\u6837\u5f0f> –regexp=<\u8303\u672c\u6837\u5f0f>  #\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u505a\u4e3a\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
-E   –extended-regexp  #\u5c06\u6837\u5f0f\u4e3a\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u666e\u901a\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
-f<\u89c4\u5219\u6587\u4ef6> –file=<\u89c4\u5219\u6587\u4ef6>  #\u6307\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u542b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u6837\u5f0f\uff0c\u8ba9grep\u67e5\u627e\u7b26\u5408\u89c4\u5219\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\u6bcf\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u6837\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
-F  –fixed-regexp  #\u5c06\u6837\u5f0f\u89c6\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n
-G  –basic-regexp  #\u5c06\u6837\u5f0f\u89c6\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
-h  –no-filename  #\u5728\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u5408\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6807\u793a\u8be5\u884c\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n
-H  –with-filename  #\u5728\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u5408\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u884c\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n
-i  –ignore-case  #\u5ffd\u7565\u5b57\u7b26\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n
-l  –file-with-matches  #\u5217\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u7b26\u5408\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n
-L  –files-without-match  #\u5217\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n
-n  –line-number  #\u5728\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u5408\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6807\u793a\u51fa\u8be5\u884c\u7684\u5217\u6570\u7f16\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n
-q  –quiet\u6216–silent  #\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-r  –recursive  #\u6b64\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6548\u679c\u548c\u6307\u5b9a\u201c-d recurse\u201d\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
-s  –no-messages  #\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-v  –revert-match  #\u663e\u793a\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u5339\u914d\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n
-V  –version  #\u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-w  –word-regexp  #\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u5168\u5b57\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n
-x  –line-regexp  #\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u5168\u5217\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n
-y  \u6b64\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6548\u679c\u548c\u6307\u5b9a\u201c-i\u201d\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
grep\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$grep ’20:[1-5][0-9]:’ *.log  #\u5339\u914d\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u641c\u7d22log\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e2d\uff0c20\u70b9\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7
\n$grep ’20:[1-5][0-9]’ 1.log 2.log 3.log  #\u6307\u5b9a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u67e5\u627e<\/p>\n
grep\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u652f\u6301\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684<\/h1>\n
$ps -ef|grep java    #\u67e5\u627e\u6240\u6709java\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n$ps -ef|grep java    #-c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7edf\u8ba1\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u4e2a\u6570
\n$grep ’20:[1-5][0-9]:’ .log | grep -v ’20:[3-4][0-9]:’   # -v\u53cd\u5411\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u8fc7\u6ee4
\n$grep ‘ab|bc’ <\/em>.log  #\u652f\u6301|\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u5339\u914d\u542b\u6709ab\u6216\u8005bc\u7684\u6587\u672c\u884c
\n\u2003\u638c\u63e1grep\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u67e5\u627e\u65e5\u5fd7\u6216\u8005\u5185\u5bb9\u975e\u5e38\u8f7b\u677e\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528vi\u6216\u8005vim\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n
cut
\ncut\u4ecb\u7ecd
\n\u2003\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u5f88\u6709\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u5728\u5b66\u5b8cC\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u4e9blinux\u4e0a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6709\u6b21\u5b9e\u4e60\u9762\u8bd5\uff0c\u9762\u8bd5\u5b98\u95ee\u6211linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u8fc7\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u65a9\u9489\u622a\u94c1\u7684\u8bf4\u7528\u8fc7\uff0c\u9762\u8bd5\u5b98\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7528vim\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u884chello world\u3002\u5bf9\u6211\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u600e\u6837\u901a\u8fc7linux\u547d\u4ee4\u5427\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u91cc\u9762\u7684hello world\u641e\u6210\u5341\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53d6\u51fa\u6bcf\u4e00\u5217\u7684\u7b2c\u4e03\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6211\u771f\u7684\u662f\u5fc3\u91cc\u4e00\u7fa4\u8349\u6ce5\u9a6c\u8dd1\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u96be\u9053\u6211\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u6c89\u601d\u4e86\u7247\u523b\uff0c\u8bf4\u53ea\u8981\u5341\u884c\u4e48\uff1f\u591a\u70b9\u884c\u4e48\uff1f\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u884c\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5341\u884c\uff0c\u53d6\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e03\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7eed\u6c89\u601d\u4e86\u7247\u523b\uff0c\u62ff\u8d77\u9762\u8bd5\u5b98\u7684\u7535\u8111\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u987f\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6709\u4e86\u6211\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n
$ cat tmp.cc| >>tmp.cc|>>tmp.cc|>>tmp.cc|head -n10|>tmp.cc|cut -c7-7
\nw
\nw
\nw
\nw
\nw
\nw
\nw
\nw
\nw
\nw
\n\u2003\u9762\u8bd5\u5b98\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u5fae\u5fae\u70b9\u4e86\u4e0b\u5934(\u80af\u5b9a\u5728\u5fc3\u91cc\u9ed8\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c0f\u4f19\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u9519\u554a)\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6211\u5370\u8c61\u86ee\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u8fd8\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u9762\u8bd5\u5b98\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982cut\u7b2c\u4e03\u4e2a\u5730\u5e9c\uff0c\u5199\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5230\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u539f\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
The cut utility cuts out selected portions of each line (as specified by list) from each file and writes them to the standard output.  If no file arguments are specified, or a file argument is a single dash (`-‘), cut reads from the standard input.  The items specified by list can be in terms of column position or in terms of fields delimited by a special character.  Column numbering starts from 1.<\/p>\n
cut\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ece\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u526a\u5207\u51fa\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u9009\u5b9a\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u7531\u5217\u8868\u6307\u5b9a\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5199\u5165\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6587\u4ef6\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a\u5355\u7834\u6298\u53f7\uff08-\uff09\uff0c\u5219\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u5217\u8868\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5217\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7531\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002 \u5217\u7f16\u53f7\u4ece1\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n
cut\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ncut -b list [-n] [file …] cut -c list [file …] cut -f list [-d delim] [-s] [file …]<\/p>\n
cut\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-b\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u884c\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u76f4\u63a5\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1b<\/p>\n
-c\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u884c\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff1b<\/p>\n
-d\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u4e3a\u201cTAB\u201d\uff1b<\/p>\n
-f\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1b<\/p>\n
-n\uff1a\u4e0e\u201c-b\u201d\u9009\u9879\u8fde\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u5272\u591a\u5b57\u8282\u5b57\u7b26\uff1b<\/p>\n
–complement\uff1a\u8865\u8db3\u88ab\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u6216\u5b57\u6bb5\uff1b<\/p>\n
–out-delimiter=<\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u5272\u7b26\uff1b<\/p>\n
cut\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$cut -c-10 tmp.txt  #cut tmp.txt\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u524d10\u5217
\n$cut -c3-5 tmp.txt  #cut tmp.txt\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c3\u52305\u5217
\n$cut -c3- tmp.txt  #cut tmp.txt\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c3\u5230\u7ed3\u5c3e\u5217
\ndiff
\ndiff\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nCompare files line by line.<\/p>\n
\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c<\/p>\n
diff\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ndiff [OPTION]… FILES<\/p>\n
diff\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-b\u6216–ignore-space-change \u4e0d\u68c0\u67e5\u7a7a\u683c\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
-B\u6216–ignore-blank-lines \u4e0d\u68c0\u67e5\u7a7a\u767d\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n
-c \u663e\u793a\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u6587\uff0c\u5e76\u6807\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n
-C\u6216–context \u4e0e\u6267\u884c"-c-"\u6307\u4ee4\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
-d\u6216–minimal \u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u6765\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n
-D\u6216ifdef \u6b64\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u524d\u7f6e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5de8\u96c6\u3002<\/p>\n
-e\u6216–ed \u6b64\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\u53ef\u7528\u4e8eed\u7684script\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-f\u6216-forward-ed \u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u7c7b\u4f3ced\u7684script\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u6309\u7167\u539f\u6765\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6765\u663e\u793a\u4e0d\u540c\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n
-H\u6216–speed-large-files \u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u52a0\u5feb\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
-l\u6216–ignore-matching-lines \u82e5\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5728\u67d0\u51e0\u884c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u51e0\u884c\u540c\u65f6\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u9009\u9879\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6216\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n
-i\u6216–ignore-case \u4e0d\u68c0\u67e5\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
-l\u6216–paginate \u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u4ea4\u7531pr\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u5206\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n
-n\u6216–rcs \u5c06\u6bd4\u8f83\u7ed3\u679c\u4ee5RCS\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u6765\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n
-N\u6216–new-file \u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u76ee\u5f55\u65f6\uff0c\u82e5\u6587\u4ef6A\u4ec5\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u9884\u8bbe\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\uff1aOnly in\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6A\u82e5\u4f7f\u7528-N\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5219diff\u4f1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6A\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u767d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n
-p \u82e5\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3aC\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5dee\u5f02\u6240\u5728\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n
-P\u6216–unidirectional-new-file \u4e0e-N\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u7a7a\u767d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n
-q\u6216–brief \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u6709\u65e0\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-r\u6216–recursive \u6bd4\u8f83\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-s\u6216–report-identical-files \u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u663e\u793a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-S\u6216–starting-file \u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u76ee\u5f55\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5f00\u59cb\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n
-t\u6216–expand-tabs \u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06tab\u5b57\u7b26\u5c55\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n
-T\u6216–initial-tab \u5728\u6bcf\u884c\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u4e0atab\u5b57\u7b26\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5bf9\u9f50\u3002<\/p>\n
-u,-U\u6216–unified= \u4ee5\u5408\u5e76\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
-v\u6216–version \u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-w\u6216–ignore-all-space \u5ffd\u7565\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n
-W\u6216–width \u5728\u4f7f\u7528-y\u53c2\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u680f\u5bbd\u3002<\/p>\n
-x\u6216–exclude \u4e0d\u6bd4\u8f83\u9009\u9879\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n
-X\u6216–exclude-from \u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7c7b\u578b\u5b58\u6210\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728=\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u6b64\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-y\u6216–side-by-side \u4ee5\u5e76\u5217\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f02\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n
diff\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\n$ diff testA.txt testB.txt
\ntar&gzip
\ntar\u4ecb\u7ecd
\n\u7528\u6765\u538b\u7f29\u548c\u89e3\u538b\u6587\u4ef6\u3002tar\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u538b\u7f29\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u538b\u7f29\u529f\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684<\/p>\n
tar\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ntar [bundled-flags ] [ |  …]
\ntar {-c} [options] [files | directories]
\ntar {-r | -u} -f archive-file [options] [files | directories]
\ntar {-t | -x} [options] [patterns]
\ntar\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-A \u65b0\u589e\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u538b\u7f29<\/p>\n
-B \u8bbe\u7f6e\u533a\u5757\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n
-c \u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-d \u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5dee\u522b<\/p>\n
-r \u6dfb\u52a0\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u5df2\u7ecf\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-u \u6dfb\u52a0\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u548c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-x \u4ece\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-t \u663e\u793a\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n
-z \u652f\u6301gzip\u89e3\u538b\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-j \u652f\u6301bzip2\u89e3\u538b\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-Z \u652f\u6301compress\u89e3\u538b\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-v \u663e\u793a\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n
-l \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fb9\u754c\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/p>\n
-k \u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u8986\u76d6<\/p>\n
-m \u4fdd\u7559\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u88ab\u8986\u76d6<\/p>\n
-W \u786e\u8ba4\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027<\/p>\n
-b \u8bbe\u7f6e\u533a\u5757\u6570\u76ee<\/p>\n
-C \u5207\u6362\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n
-f \u6307\u5b9a\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
tar\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u6253\u5305  tar -cvf \u5305\u540d  \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/h1>\n
$tar -cvf test.tar test.txt <\/p>\n
\u89e3\u5305  tar -xvf \u5305\u540d<\/h1>\n
$tar -xvf test.tar<\/p>\n
\u538b\u7f29  tar -czvf \u5305\u540d \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/h1>\n
$tar -czvf test.tgz test.txt<\/p>\n
\u89e3\u538b  tar -xzvf \u5305\u540d<\/h1>\n
$tar -xzvf test.tgz
\ndu
\ndu\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe du utility displays the file system block usage for each file argument and for each directory in the file hierarchy rooted in each directory argument.If no file is specified, the block usage of the hierarchy rooted in the current directory is displayed.<\/p>\n
du\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ee5\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf\u4e3a\u6839\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5757\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5219\u663e\u793a\u4ee5\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e3a\u6839\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5757\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
du\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ndu [-H | -L | -P] [-a | -s | -d depth] [-c] [-h | -k | -m | -g] [-x] [-I mask] [file …]<\/p>\n
du\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-a\u6216-all \u663e\u793a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u4e2a\u522b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n
-b\u6216-bytes \u663e\u793a\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5byte\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
-c\u6216–total \u9664\u4e86\u663e\u793a\u4e2a\u522b\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u5916\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u603b\u548c\u3002<\/p>\n
-k\u6216–kilobytes \u4ee5KB(1024bytes)\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
-m\u6216–megabytes \u4ee5MB\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
-s\u6216–summarize \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u603b\u8ba1\uff0c\u53ea\u5217\u51fa\u6700\u540e\u52a0\u603b\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
-h\u6216–human-readable \u4ee5K\uff0cM\uff0cG\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
-x\u6216–one-file-xystem \u4ee5\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5904\u7406\u65f6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u51c6\uff0c\u82e5\u9047\u4e0a\u5176\u5b83\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u76ee\u5f55\u5219\u7565\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n
-L<\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5>\u6216–dereference<\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5> \u663e\u793a\u9009\u9879\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u5b9a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n
-S\u6216–separate-dirs  \u663e\u793a\u4e2a\u522b\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u542b\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n
-X<\u6587\u4ef6>\u6216–exclude-from=<\u6587\u4ef6> \u5728<\u6587\u4ef6>\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
–exclude=<\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6>     \u7565\u8fc7\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
-D\u6216–dereference-args  \u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n
-H\u6216–si \u4e0e-h\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662fK\uff0cM\uff0cG\u662f\u4ee51000\u4e3a\u6362\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
-l\u6216–count-links  \u91cd\u590d\u8ba1\u7b97\u786c\u4ef6\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
du\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f<\/h1>\n
$du -h filename<\/p>\n
\u5c55\u793a\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5927\u5c0f\u4ee5\u53ef\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c55\u793a<\/h1>\n
$du  -h \/<\/p>\n
\u5c55\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u5927\u5c0f<\/h1>\n
$du -sh<\/p>\n
\u5c55\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u5927\u5c0f<\/h1>\n
$du -sh .\/<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ef\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c55\u793a<\/h1>\n
$du -ah \/
\ndf
\ndf\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe df utility displays statistics about the amount of free disk space on the specified filesystem or on the filesystem of which file is a part.  Values are displayed in 512-byte per block counts.  If neither a file or a filesystem operand is specified, statistics for all mounted filesystems are displayed (sub-ject to the -t option below).<\/p>\n
df\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u663e\u793a\u6709\u5173\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u91cf\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 \u503c\u4ee5\u6bcf\u5757\u8ba1\u6570512\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff0c\u5219\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u53d7\u4e0b\u9762\u7684-t\u9009\u9879\u7ea6\u675f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
df\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ndf [-b | -h | -H | -k | -m | -g | -P] [-ailn] [-t] [-T type] [file | filesystem …]<\/p>\n
df\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-a \u5168\u90e8\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5217\u8868<\/p>\n
-h \u65b9\u4fbf\u9605\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a<\/p>\n
-H \u7b49\u4e8e\u201c-h\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f0f\uff0c1K=1000\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f1K=1024<\/p>\n
-i \u663e\u793ainode\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-k \u533a\u5757\u4e3a1024\u5b57\u8282<\/p>\n
-l \u53ea\u663e\u793a\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/p>\n
-m \u533a\u5757\u4e3a1048576\u5b57\u8282<\/p>\n
–no-sync \u5ffd\u7565 sync \u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n
-P \u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3aPOSIX<\/p>\n
–sync \u5728\u53d6\u5f97\u78c1\u76d8\u4fe1\u606f\u524d\uff0c\u5148\u6267\u884csync\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n
-T \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n
–block-size=<\u533a\u5757\u5927\u5c0f> \u6307\u5b9a\u533a\u5757\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n
-t<\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b> \u53ea\u663e\u793a\u9009\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-x<\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b> \u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u9009\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
df\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u5c55\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ef\u8bfb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c55\u793a<\/h1>\n
$ df -h
\nFilesystem      Size   Used  Avail Capacity iused               ifree %iused  Mounted on
\n\/dev\/disk1s1   234Gi   78Gi  151Gi    35% 1376436 9223372036853399371    0%   \/
\ndevfs          208Ki  208Ki    0Bi   100%     720                   0  100%   \/dev
\n\/dev\/disk1s4   234Gi  4.0Gi  151Gi     3%       4 9223372036854775803    0%   \/private\/var\/vm
\nmap -hosts       0Bi    0Bi    0Bi   100%       0                   0  100%   \/net
\nmap auto_home    0Bi    0Bi    0Bi   100%       0                   0  100%   \/home
\n\/dev\/disk3s1   290Mi  271Mi   17Mi    94%    2156 9223372036854773651    0%   \/Volumes\/Sourcetrail_2019_4_102
\nlsof
\nlsof\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nlsof\uff08list open files\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002(\u5728linux\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u4ee5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728)<\/p>\n
lsof\u53ef\u4ee5\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n
1.\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
2.\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n
3.\u7f51\u7edc\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
4.\u5b57\u7b26\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
5.(\u51fd\u6570)\u5171\u4eab\u5e93<\/p>\n
6.\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u7ba1\u9053<\/p>\n
7.\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5<\/p>\n
8.\u7f51\u7edc\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aNFS file\u3001\u7f51\u7edcsocket\uff0cunix\u57df\u540dsocket\uff09<\/p>\n
9.\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u6211\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u5f88\u5e7f\u3002<\/p>\n
lsof\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nlsof [ -?abChKlnNOPRtUvVX ] [ -A A ] [ -c c ] [ +c c ] [ +|-d d ] [ +|-D D ] [ +|-e s ] [ +|-E ] [ +|-f [cfgGn] ] [ -F [f] ] [ -g [s] ] [ -i [i] ] [ -k k ] [ +|-L [l] ] [ +|-m m ] [ +|-M ] [ -o [o] ] [ -p s ] [ +|-r [t[m]] ] [ -s [p:s] ] [ -S [t] ] [ -T [t] ] [ -u s ] [ +|-w ] [ -x [fl] ] [ -z [z] ] [ -Z [Z] ] [ — ] [names]<\/p>\n
lsof\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-a \u5217\u51fa\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
-c<\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d> \u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-g \u5217\u51faGID\u53f7\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8be6\u60c5<\/p>\n
-d<\u6587\u4ef6\u53f7> \u5217\u51fa\u5360\u7528\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u53f7\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
+d<\u76ee\u5f55> \u5217\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u88ab\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
+D<\u76ee\u5f55> \u9012\u5f52\u5217\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u88ab\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-n<\u76ee\u5f55> \u5217\u51fa\u4f7f\u7528NFS\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-i<\u6761\u4ef6> \u5217\u51fa\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\uff084\u30016\u3001\u534f\u8bae\u3001:\u7aef\u53e3\u3001 @ip \uff09<\/p>\n
-p<\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7> \u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7\u6240\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
-u \u5217\u51faUID\u53f7\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8be6\u60c5<\/p>\n
lsof\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b
\nlsof\u8f93\u51fa\u5404\u5217\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
COMMAND\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u540d\u79f0<\/p>\n
PID\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26<\/p>\n
PPID\uff1a\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff08\u9700\u8981\u6307\u5b9a-R\u53c2\u6570\uff09<\/p>\n
USER\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u6709\u8005<\/p>\n
PGID\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4<\/p>\n
FD\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u8bc6\u522b\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982cwd\u3001txt\u7b49<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/h1>\n
$lsof  <\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u67d0\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8fdb\u7a0b  lsof \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/h1>\n
$ lsof \/bin\/bash
\nCOMMAND  PID  USER  FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE\/OFF   NODE NAME
\nbash    9430 midou txt    REG  253,1   960392 140072 \/usr\/bin\/bash<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u67d0\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$lsof -u username<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u67d0\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$lsof -c java<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u9664\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u5916\u7684\u88ab\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$lsof -u ^midou<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7\u663e\u793a\u8be5\u8fdb\u884c\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/h1>\n
$lsof -p pid<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u9664\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7\u6240\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$lsof -p ^pid<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5<\/h1>\n
$lsof -i<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709tcp \u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$lsof -i tcp<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709udp\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$lsof -i udp<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u8c01\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u7aef\u53e3\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5<\/h1>\n
$lsof -i :port<\/p>\n
\u7279\u5b9a\u7684tcp\u7aef\u53e3<\/h1>\n
$lsof -i tcp:port <\/p>\n
\u7279\u5b9a\u7684udp\u7aef\u53e3<\/h1>\n
$lsof -i udp:port<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u67d0\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7aef\u53e3<\/h1>\n
$lsof -a -u username -i<\/p>\n
\u6839\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u8303\u56f4\u5217\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$lsof -d 0-2
\nping
\nping\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nsend ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts<\/p>\n
\u5c06ICMP ECHO_REQUEST\u6570\u636e\u5305\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u7f51\u7edc\u4e3b\u673a<\/p>\n
ping\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nping [-AaCDdfnoQqRrv] [-b boundif] [-c count] [-G sweepmaxsize] [-g sweepminsize] [-h sweepincrsize] [-i wait] [-k trafficclass] [-K netservicetype][-l preload] [-M mask | time] [-m ttl] [-P policy] [-p pattern] [-S src_addr] [-s packetsize] [-t timeout] [-W waittime] [-z tos] [–apple-connect][–apple-time] host
\nping\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-d \u4f7f\u7528Socket\u7684SO_DEBUG\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
-f \u6781\u9650\u68c0\u6d4b\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u4e14\u5feb\u901f\u5730\u9001\u7f51\u7edc\u5c01\u5305\u7ed9\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u770b\u5b83\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n
-n \u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u6570\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
-q \u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u4efb\u4f55\u4f20\u9001\u5c01\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
-r \u5ffd\u7565\u666e\u901a\u7684Routing Table\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5305\u9001\u5230\u8fdc\u7aef\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u67e5\u770b\u672c\u673a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u662f\u5426\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
-R \u8bb0\u5f55\u8def\u7531\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
-v \u8be6\u7ec6\u663e\u793a\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
-c \u6570\u76ee\uff1a\u5728\u53d1\u9001\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u76ee\u7684\u5305\u540e\u505c\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n
-i \u79d2\u6570\uff1a\u8bbe\u5b9a\u95f4\u9694\u51e0\u79d2\u9001\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u5c01\u5305\u7ed9\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u9884\u8bbe\u503c\u662f\u4e00\u79d2\u9001\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n
-I \u7f51\u7edc\u754c\u9762\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u754c\u9762\u9001\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/p>\n
-l \u524d\u7f6e\u8f7d\u5165\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5728\u9001\u51fa\u8981\u6c42\u4fe1\u606f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5148\u884c\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/p>\n
-p \u8303\u672c\u6837\u5f0f\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u586b\u6ee1\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u8303\u672c\u6837\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
-s \u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff0c\u9884\u8bbe\u503c\u662f56\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a8\u5b57\u8282\u7684ICMP\u5934\uff0c\u4e00\u5171\u662f64ICMP\u6570\u636e\u5b57\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n
-t \u5b58\u6d3b\u6570\u503c\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5b58\u6d3b\u6570\u503cTTL\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n
ping\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7528\u6765\u6d4b\u8bd5\u672c\u673a\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u5982\u679c\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
ping\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570<\/p>\n
\u68c0\u6d4b\u7f51\u7edc\u60c5\u51b5<\/h1>\n
$ping host<\/p>\n
ping\u7f51\u5173<\/h1>\n
$ping -b host<\/p>\n
ping\u6307\u5b9a\u6b21\u6570<\/h1>\n
$ping -c 10 host<\/p>\n
ping\u6307\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u548c\u6b21\u6570\u9650\u5236<\/h1>\n
$ping -c 10 -i 0.5 host<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u57df\u540dping\u516c\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u7ad9\u70b9<\/h1>\n
netstat
\nnetstat\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe netstat command symbolically displays the contents of various network-related data structures.  There are a number of output formats, depending on the options for the information presented.  The first form of the command displays a list of active sockets for each protocol.  The second form presents the contents of one of the other network data structures according to the option selected. Using the third form, with a wait interval specified, netstat will continuously display the information regarding packet traffic on the configured network interfaces.  The fourth form displays statistics for the specified protocol or address family. If a wait interval is specified, the protocol information over the last interval seconds will be displayed.  The fifth form displays per-interface statistics for the specified protocol or address family.  The sixth form displays mbuf(9) statistics.  The seventh form displays routing table for the speci-fied address family.  The eighth form displays routing statistics.<\/p>\n
netstat\u547d\u4ee4\u4ee5\u7b26\u53f7\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u5404\u79cd\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u5217\u8868\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6839\u636e\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u9009\u9879\u663e\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u7b49\u5f85\u95f4\u9694\uff0cnetstat\u5c06\u5728\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u4e0a\u8fde\u7eed\u663e\u793a\u6709\u5173\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6d41\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u534f\u8bae\u6216\u5730\u5740\u65cf\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u7b49\u5f85\u95f4\u9694\uff0c\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u6700\u8fd1\u95f4\u9694\u79d2\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e94\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u534f\u8bae\u6216\u5730\u5740\u65cf\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u7b2c\u516d\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793ambuf\uff089\uff09\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e03\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u5730\u5740\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\u7b2c\u516b\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
netstat\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nnetstat [-AaLlnW] [-f address_family | -p protocol]
\nnetstat [-gilns] [-v] [-f address_family] [-I interface]
\nnetstat -i | -I interface [-w wait] [-c queue] [-abdgqRtS]
\nnetstat -s [-s] [-f address_family | -p protocol] [-w wait]
\nnetstat -i | -I interface -s [-f address_family | -p protocol]
\nnetstat -m [-m]
\nnetstat -r [-Aaln] [-f address_family]
\nnetstat -rs [-s]
\nnetstat\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-a\u6216\u2013all \u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u7ebf\u4e2d\u7684Socket\u3002<\/p>\n
-A<\u7f51\u7edc\u7c7b\u578b>\u6216\u2013<\u7f51\u7edc\u7c7b\u578b> \u5217\u51fa\u8be5\u7f51\u7edc\u7c7b\u578b\u8fde\u7ebf\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/p>\n
-c\u6216\u2013continuous \u6301\u7eed\u5217\u51fa\u7f51\u7edc\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n
-C\u6216\u2013cache \u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u5feb\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-e\u6216\u2013extend \u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-F\u6216\u2013fib \u663e\u793aFIB\u3002<\/p>\n
-g\u6216\u2013groups \u663e\u793a\u591a\u91cd\u5e7f\u64ad\u529f\u80fd\u7fa4\u7ec4\u7ec4\u5458\u540d\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n
-h\u6216\u2013help \u5728\u7ebf\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n
-i\u6216\u2013interfaces \u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u754c\u9762\u4fe1\u606f\u8868\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n
-l\u6216\u2013listening \u663e\u793a\u76d1\u63a7\u4e2d\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684Socket\u3002<\/p>\n
-M\u6216\u2013masquerade \u663e\u793a\u4f2a\u88c5\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n
-n\u6216\u2013numeric \u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528IP\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u57df\u540d\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n
-N\u6216\u2013netlink\u6216\u2013symbolic \u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u786c\u4ef6\u5916\u56f4\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n
-o\u6216\u2013timers \u663e\u793a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n
-p\u6216\u2013programs \u663e\u793a\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528Socket\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bc6\u522b\u7801\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n
-r\u6216\u2013route \u663e\u793aRouting Table\u3002<\/p>\n
-s\u6216\u2013statistice \u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u5de5\u4f5c\u4fe1\u606f\u7edf\u8ba1\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n
-t\u6216\u2013tcp \u663e\u793aTCP\u4f20\u8f93\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u8fde\u7ebf\u72b6\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
-u\u6216\u2013udp \u663e\u793aUDP\u4f20\u8f93\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u8fde\u7ebf\u72b6\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
-v\u6216\u2013verbose \u663e\u793a\u6307\u4ee4\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
-V\u6216\u2013version \u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-w\u6216\u2013raw \u663e\u793aRAW\u4f20\u8f93\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u8fde\u7ebf\u72b6\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
-x\u6216\u2013unix \u6b64\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6548\u679c\u548c\u6307\u5b9a\u201d-A unix\u201d\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u2013ip\u6216\u2013inet \u6b64\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6548\u679c\u548c\u6307\u5b9a\u201d-A inet\u201d\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
netstat\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u7aef\u53e3\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5<\/h1>\n
$netstat -a<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524dUDP\u8fde\u63a5\u72b6\u51b5<\/h1>\n
$netstat -nu<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793aUDP\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5<\/h1>\n
$netstat -apu<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u5361\u5217\u8868<\/h1>\n
$netstat -i<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$netstat -s<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u76d1\u542c\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u53e3<\/h1>\n
$netstat -l<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8fde\u63a5<\/h1>\n
$netstat -n<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8e\u8def\u7531\u8868\u7684\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$netstat -r<\/p>\n
\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709 tcp \u7aef\u53e3<\/h1>\n
$netstat -at<\/p>\n
\u627e\u51fa\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7aef\u53e3<\/h1>\n
$netstat -ap | grep ssh<\/p>\n
\u5728 netstat \u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u663e\u793a PID \u548c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u79f0<\/h1>\n
$netstat -pt
\nifconfig
\nifconfig\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nIfconfig is used to configure the kernel-resident network interfaces.  It is used at boot time to set up interfaces as necessary.  After that, it is usually only needed when debugging or when system tuning is needed.<\/p>\n
Ifconfig\u7528\u4e8e\u914d\u7f6e\u5185\u6838\u9a7b\u7559\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002 \u5b83\u5728\u5f15\u5bfc\u65f6\u7528\u4e8e\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e\u63a5\u53e3\u3002 \u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4ec5\u5728\u8c03\u8bd5\u6216\u9700\u8981\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u6574\u65f6\u624d\u9700\u8981\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n
ifconfig\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nifconfig [-v] [-a] [-s] [interface]
\nifconfig [-v] interface [aftype] options | address …
\nifconfig\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\nup \u542f\u52a8\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\/\u7f51\u5361\u3002<\/p>\n
down \u5173\u95ed\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\/\u7f51\u5361\u3002\u8be5\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u963b\u6b62\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\u7684IP\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u6c38\u4e45\u5730\u5173\u95ed\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u6838\u5fc3\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u5c06\u8be5\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u8def\u7531\u4fe1\u606f\u5168\u90e8\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n
arp \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u5361\u662f\u5426\u652f\u6301ARP\u534f\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n
-promisc \u8bbe\u7f6e\u662f\u5426\u652f\u6301\u7f51\u5361\u7684promiscuous\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9009\u62e9\u6b64\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7f51\u5361\u5c06\u63a5\u6536\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u53d1\u7ed9\u5b83\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305<\/p>\n
-allmulti \u8bbe\u7f6e\u662f\u5426\u652f\u6301\u591a\u64ad\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9009\u62e9\u6b64\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7f51\u5361\u5c06\u63a5\u6536\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u591a\u64ad\u6570\u636e\u5305<\/p>\n
-a \u663e\u793a\u5168\u90e8\u63a5\u53e3\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-s \u663e\u793a\u6458\u8981\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e netstat -i\uff09<\/p>\n
add \u7ed9\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u5361\u914d\u7f6eIPv6\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n
del \u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u5361\u7684IPv6\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n
<\u786c\u4ef6\u5730\u5740> \u914d\u7f6e\u7f51\u5361\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4f20\u8f93\u5355\u5143<\/p>\n
mtu<\u5b57\u8282\u6570> \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7f51\u5361\u7684\u6700\u5927\u4f20\u8f93\u5355\u5143 (bytes)<\/p>\n
netmask<\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801> \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7f51\u5361\u7684\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u3002\u63a9\u7801\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6709\u524d\u7f000x\u768432\u4f4d\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7528\u70b9\u5206\u5f00\u76844\u4e2a\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u5c06\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u6210\u5b50\u7f51\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u9009\u9879\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5b50\u7f51\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8bf7\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n
tunel \u5efa\u7acb\u96a7\u9053<\/p>\n
dstaddr \u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdc\u7aef\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u70b9\u5bf9\u70b9\u901a\u4fe1<\/p>\n
-broadcast<\u5730\u5740> \u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u5361\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5e7f\u64ad\u534f\u8bae<\/p>\n
-pointtopoint<\u5730\u5740> \u4e3a\u7f51\u5361\u8bbe\u7f6e\u70b9\u5bf9\u70b9\u901a\u8baf\u534f\u8bae<\/p>\n
multicast \u4e3a\u7f51\u5361\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7ec4\u64ad\u6807\u5fd7<\/p>\n
address \u4e3a\u7f51\u5361\u8bbe\u7f6eIPv4\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n
txqueuelen<\u957f\u5ea6> \u4e3a\u7f51\u5361\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4f20\u8f93\u5217\u961f\u7684\u957f\u5ea6<\/p>\n
ifconfig\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$ifconfig<\/p>\n
\u542f\u52a8\u5173\u95ed\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u5361<\/h1>\n
$ifconfig eth0 up
\n$ifconfig eth0 down<\/p>\n
\u914d\u7f6eIP\u5730\u5740<\/h1>\n
$ifconfig eth0 ip<\/p>\n
\u542f\u7528\u548c\u5173\u95edARP\u534f\u8bae<\/h1>\n
$ifconfig eth0 arp
\n$ifconfig eth0 -arp<\/p>\n
\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6700\u5927\u4f20\u8f93\u5355\u5143<\/h1>\n
$ifconfig eth0 mtu 1500
\n\u89e3\u91ca
\neth0 \u8868\u793a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5757\u7f51\u5361\uff0c \u5176\u4e2d HWaddr \u8868\u793a\u7f51\u5361\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n
inet addr \u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u7f51\u5361\u7684IP\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n
lo \u662f\u8868\u793a\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u56de\u574f\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u7528\u6765\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u60f3\u8ba9\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u6216\u5916\u7f51\u7684\u7528\u6237\u80fd\u591f\u67e5\u770b\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6b64\u53f0\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u548c\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u7528\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\uff1a\u8fde\u63a5\u7c7b\u578b\uff1aEthernet\uff08\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\uff09HWaddr\uff08\u786c\u4ef6mac\u5730\u5740\uff09<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\uff1a\u7f51\u5361\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\u3001\u5b50\u7f51\u3001\u63a9\u7801<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\uff1aUP\uff08\u4ee3\u8868\u7f51\u5361\u5f00\u542f\u72b6\u6001\uff09RUNNING\uff08\u4ee3\u8868\u7f51\u5361\u7684\u7f51\u7ebf\u88ab\u63a5\u4e0a\uff09MULTICAST\uff08\u652f\u6301\u7ec4\u64ad\uff09MTU:1500\uff08\u6700\u5927\u4f20\u8f93\u5355\u5143\uff09\uff1a1500\u5b57\u8282<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u56db\u3001\u4e94\u884c\uff1a\u63a5\u6536\u3001\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5305\u60c5\u51b5\u7edf\u8ba1<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e03\u884c\uff1a\u63a5\u6536\u3001\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
hostname
\nhostname\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nHostname is used to display the system’s DNS name, and to display or set its hostname or NIS domain name.<\/p>\n
\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684DNS\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u6216\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5176\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6216NIS\u57df\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n
hostname\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nhostname [-a|–alias] [-d|–domain] [-f|–fqdn|–long] [-A|–all-fqdns] [-i|–ip-address] [-I|–all-ip-addresses] [-s|–short] [-y|–yp|–nis]
\nhostname [-b|–boot] [-F|–file filename] [hostname]
\nhostname [-h|–help] [-V|–version]
\nhostname\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-v\uff1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1b
\n-a\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e3b\u673a\u522b\u540d\uff1b
\n-d\uff1a\u663e\u793aDNS\u57df\u540d\uff1b
\n-f\uff1a\u663e\u793aFQDN\u540d\u79f0\uff1b
\n-i\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e3b\u673a\u7684ip\u5730\u5740\uff1b
\n-s\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u77ed\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u5904\u622a\u65ad\uff1b
\n-y\uff1a\u663e\u793aNIS\u57df\u540d\u3002
\nhostname\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u4e3b\u673aip,\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6211\u6700\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u67e5\u770b\u4e3b\u673aip\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u7528ifconfig<\/h1>\n
$hostname -i
\ntraceroute
\ntraceroute\u4ecb\u7ecd
\ntraceroute  tracks  the  route  packets  taken  from an IP network on their way to a given host. It utilizes the IP protocol’s time to live (TTL) field and attempts to elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along the path to the host.<\/p>\n
traceroute\u8ddf\u8e2a\u4eceIP\u7f51\u7edc\u83b7\u53d6\u5230\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u8def\u7531\u4fe1\u606f\u5305\u3002 \u5b83\u5229\u7528IP\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u65f6\u95f4\uff08TTL\uff09\u5b57\u6bb5\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ece\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7f51\u5173\u5230\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u5f15\u53d1ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED\u54cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n
traceroute\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ntraceroute [-46dFITUnreAV] [-f first_ttl] [-g gate,…]
\n[-i device] [-m max_ttl] [-p port] [-s src_addr]
\n[-q nqueries] [-N squeries] [-t tos]
\n[-l flow_label] [-w waittime] [-z sendwait] [-UL] [-D]
\n[-P proto] [–sport=port] [-M method] [-O mod_options]
\n[–mtu] [–back]
\nhost [packet_len]
\ntraceroute\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-d \u4f7f\u7528Socket\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6392\u9519\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
-f \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u68c0\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u6570\u503cTTL\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n
-F \u8bbe\u7f6e\u52ff\u79bb\u65ad\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
-g \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6765\u6e90\u8def\u7531\u7f51\u5173\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u53ef\u8bbe\u7f6e8\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n
-i \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u754c\u9762\u9001\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/p>\n
-I \u4f7f\u7528ICMP\u56de\u5e94\u53d6\u4ee3UDP\u8d44\u6599\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-m \u8bbe\u7f6e\u68c0\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5b58\u6d3b\u6570\u503cTTL\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n
-n \u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528IP\u5730\u5740\u800c\u975e\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n
-p \u8bbe\u7f6eUDP\u4f20\u8f93\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n
-r \u5ffd\u7565\u666e\u901a\u7684Routing Table\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5305\u9001\u5230\u8fdc\u7aef\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n
-s \u8bbe\u7f6e\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u9001\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/p>\n
-t \u8bbe\u7f6e\u68c0\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684TOS\u6570\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
-v \u8be6\u7ec6\u663e\u793a\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
-w \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b49\u5f85\u8fdc\u7aef\u4e3b\u673a\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n
-x \u5f00\u542f\u6216\u5173\u95ed\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n
traceroute\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
traceroute \u4e00\u4e0b\u767e\u5ea6\uff0c\u770b\u4e0b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u8def\u7531\u9014\u5f84<\/h1>\n
$ traceroute www.baidu.com
\ntraceroute: Warning: www.baidu.com has multiple addresses; using 183.232.231.172
\ntraceroute to www.baidu.com (183.232.231.172), 64 hops max, 52 byte packets
\n1  192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1)  6.059 ms  0.879 ms  0.843 ms
\n2  192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1)  1.305 ms  2.232 ms  2.167 ms
\n3  10.104.0.1 (10.104.0.1)  5.085 ms  5.534 ms  4.466 ms
\n4  221.131.253.13 (221.131.253.13)  4.633 ms  11.736 ms  4.199 ms
\n5  117.148.181.1 (117.148.181.1)  4.544 ms 
\n112.11.233.49 (112.11.233.49)  13.384 ms
\n6  221.183.47.165 (221.183.47.165)  6.591 ms  6.643 ms
\n221.183.47.161 (221.183.47.161)  5.591 ms
\n7  <\/em> 221.183.40.225 (221.183.40.225)  27.242 ms  25.222 ms
\n8  221.183.59.154 (221.183.59.154)  27.937 ms  27.501 ms  26.869 ms
\n9  120.241.49.198 (120.241.49.198)  60.772 ms
\n120.241.49.30 (120.241.49.30)  33.451 ms
\n120.241.48.190 (120.241.48.190)  45.563 ms
\n10   <\/em> 
\n11  <\/em>  <\/em>
\n12   <\/em> 
\n13  <\/em>  <\/em>
\n14   <\/em> 
\n15  <\/em>  <\/em>
\n16   <\/em> *
\n\u89e3\u91ca
\n\u8bb0\u5f55\u6309\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u4ece1\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u884c\u7eaa\u5f55\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u8df3 \uff0c\u6bcf\u8df3\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u5173\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u6bcf\u884c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5355\u4f4d\u662f ms\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f-q\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u63a2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5411\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7f51\u5173\u53d1\u9001\u4e09\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u540e\uff0c\u7f51\u5173\u54cd\u5e94\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u7528 traceroute -q 10 www.baidu.com\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5411\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7f51\u5173\u53d1\u900110\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6709\u65f6\u6211\u4eectraceroute \u4e00\u53f0\u4e3b\u673a\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u662f\u4ee5\u661f\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u7684\u3002\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9632\u706b\u5899\u5c01\u6389\u4e86ICMP\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n
route
\nroute\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nRoute  manipulates the kernel’s IP routing tables.  Its primary use is to set up static routes to specific hosts or networks via an interface after it has been config\u2010ured with the ifconfig(8) program.<\/p>\n
Route\u64cd\u7eb5\u5185\u6838\u7684IP\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002 \u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u9014\u662f\u5728\u4f7f\u7528ifconfig\uff088\uff09\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u914d\u7f6e\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u63a5\u53e3\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u6216\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u9759\u6001\u8def\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n
route\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nroute [-CFvnNee] [-A family |-4|-6]<\/p>\n
route  [-v] [-A family |-4|-6] add [-net|-host] target [netmask Nm] [gw Gw] [metric N] [mss M] [window W] [irtt I] [reject] [mod] [dyn] [reinstate] [[dev] If]<\/p>\n
route  [-v] [-A family |-4|-6] del [-net|-host] target [gw Gw] [netmask Nm] [metric N] [[dev] If]
\nroute\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-c \u663e\u793a\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-n \u4e0d\u89e3\u6790\u540d\u5b57<\/p>\n
-v \u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-F \u663e\u793a\u53d1\u9001\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-C \u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u7f13\u5b58<\/p>\n
-f \u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u5173\u5165\u53e3\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n
-p \u4e0e add \u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u4f7f\u8def\u7531\u5177\u6709\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
add:\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u6761\u65b0\u8def\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n
del:\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n
-net:\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/p>\n
-host:\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n
route\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u8def\u7531<\/h1>\n
$route<\/p>\n
\u5c4f\u853d\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u7531<\/h1>\n
$route add -net 224.0.0.0 netmask 240.0.0.0 reject<\/p>\n
\u5220\u9664\u8def\u7531\u8bb0\u5f55<\/h1>\n
$route del -net 224.0.0.0 netmask 240.0.0.0<\/p>\n
\u5220\u9664\u548c\u6dfb\u52a0\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7f51\u5173<\/h1>\n
$route del default gw 192.168.0.100
\n$route add default gw 192.168.0.100
\nwget
\nwget\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nGNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web.  It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, as well as retrieval through HTTP proxies.<\/p>\n
GNU Wget\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u514d\u8d39\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4eceWeb\u975e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5b83\u652f\u6301HTTP\uff0cHTTPS\u548cFTP\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7HTTP\u4ee3\u7406\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n
wget\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nwget [option]… [URL]…<\/p>\n
wget\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n\u542f\u52a8\uff1a
\n-V,  –version           \u663e\u793a Wget \u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002
\n-h,  –help              \u6253\u5370\u6b64\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002
\n-b,  –background        \u542f\u52a8\u540e\u8f6c\u5165\u540e\u53f0\u3002
\n-e,  –execute=COMMAND   \u8fd0\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c.wgetrc\u201d\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65e5\u5fd7\u548c\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a
\n-o,  –output-file=FILE    \u5c06\u65e5\u5fd7\u4fe1\u606f\u5199\u5165 FILE\u3002
\n-a,  –append-output=FILE  \u5c06\u4fe1\u606f\u6dfb\u52a0\u81f3 FILE\u3002
\n-d,  –debug               \u6253\u5370\u5927\u91cf\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002
\n-q,  –quiet               \u5b89\u9759\u6a21\u5f0f (\u65e0\u4fe1\u606f\u8f93\u51fa)\u3002
\n-v,  –verbose             \u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u8f93\u51fa (\u6b64\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c)\u3002
\n-nv, –no-verbose          \u5173\u95ed\u8be6\u5c3d\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8fdb\u5165\u5b89\u9759\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002
\n-i,  –input-file=FILE     \u4e0b\u8f7d\u672c\u5730\u6216\u5916\u90e8 FILE \u4e2d\u7684 URLs\u3002
\n-F,  –force-html          \u628a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u5f53\u6210 HTML \u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n-B,  –base=URL            \u89e3\u6790\u4e0e URL \u76f8\u5173\u7684
\nHTML \u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6 (\u7531 -i -F \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a)\u3002
\n–config=FILE         Specify config file to use.<\/p>\n
\u4e0b\u8f7d\uff1a
\n-t,  –tries=NUMBER            \u8bbe\u7f6e\u91cd\u8bd5\u6b21\u6570\u4e3a NUMBER (0 \u4ee3\u8868\u65e0\u9650\u5236)\u3002
\n–retry-connrefused       \u5373\u4f7f\u62d2\u7edd\u8fde\u63a5\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8bd5\u3002
\n-O,  –output-document=FILE    \u5c06\u6587\u6863\u5199\u5165 FILE\u3002
\n-nc, –no-clobber              skip downloads that would download to
\nexisting files (overwriting them).
\n-c,  –continue                \u65ad\u70b9\u7eed\u4f20\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n–progress=TYPE           \u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6761\u7c7b\u578b\u3002
\n-N,  –timestamping            \u53ea\u83b7\u53d6\u6bd4\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n–no-use-server-timestamps     \u4e0d\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n-S,  –server-response         \u6253\u5370\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u54cd\u5e94\u3002
\n–spider                  \u4e0d\u4e0b\u8f7d\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n-T,  –timeout=SECONDS         \u5c06\u6240\u6709\u8d85\u65f6\u8bbe\u4e3a SECONDS \u79d2\u3002
\n–dns-timeout=SECS        \u8bbe\u7f6e DNS \u67e5\u5bfb\u8d85\u65f6\u4e3a SECS \u79d2\u3002
\n–connect-timeout=SECS    \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fde\u63a5\u8d85\u65f6\u4e3a SECS \u79d2\u3002
\n–read-timeout=SECS       \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bfb\u53d6\u8d85\u65f6\u4e3a SECS \u79d2\u3002
\n-w,  –wait=SECONDS            \u7b49\u5f85\u95f4\u9694\u4e3a SECONDS \u79d2\u3002
\n–waitretry=SECONDS       \u5728\u83b7\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u91cd\u8bd5\u671f\u95f4\u7b49\u5f85 1..SECONDS \u79d2\u3002
\n–random-wait             \u83b7\u53d6\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u968f\u673a\u7b49\u5f85\u95f4\u9694
\n0.5WAIT…1.5<\/em>WAIT \u79d2\u3002
\n–no-proxy                \u7981\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406\u3002
\n-Q,  –quota=NUMBER            \u8bbe\u7f6e\u83b7\u53d6\u914d\u989d\u4e3a NUMBER \u5b57\u8282\u3002
\n–bind-address=ADDRESS    \u7ed1\u5b9a\u81f3\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684 ADDRESS (\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6216\u662f IP)\u3002
\n–limit-rate=RATE         \u9650\u5236\u4e0b\u8f7d\u901f\u7387\u4e3a RATE\u3002
\n–no-dns-cache            \u5173\u95ed DNS \u67e5\u5bfb\u7f13\u5b58\u3002
\n–restrict-file-names=OS  \u9650\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e3a OS \u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002
\n–ignore-case             \u5339\u914d\u6587\u4ef6\/\u76ee\u5f55\u65f6\u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u3002
\n-4,  –inet4-only              \u4ec5\u8fde\u63a5\u81f3 IPv4 \u5730\u5740\u3002
\n-6,  –inet6-only              \u4ec5\u8fde\u63a5\u81f3 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u3002
\n–prefer-family=FAMILY    \u9996\u5148\u8fde\u63a5\u81f3\u6307\u5b9a\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u5730\u5740
\nFAMILY \u4e3a IPv6\uff0cIPv4 \u6216\u662f none\u3002
\n–user=USER               \u5c06 ftp \u548c http \u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u5747\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a USER\u3002
\n–password=PASS           \u5c06 ftp \u548c http \u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u5747\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a PASS\u3002
\n–ask-password            \u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u3002
\n–no-iri                  \u5173\u95ed IRI \u652f\u6301\u3002
\n–local-encoding=ENC      IRI (\u56fd\u9645\u5316\u8d44\u6e90\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26) \u4f7f\u7528 ENC \u4f5c\u4e3a\u672c\u5730\u7f16\u7801\u3002
\n–remote-encoding=ENC     \u4f7f\u7528 ENC \u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7f16\u7801\u3002
\n–unlink                  remove file before clobber.<\/p>\n
\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a
\n-nd, –no-directories           \u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55\u3002
\n-x,  –force-directories        \u5f3a\u5236\u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55\u3002
\n-nH, –no-host-directories      \u4e0d\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u3002
\n–protocol-directories     \u5728\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u534f\u8bae\u540d\u79f0\u3002
\n-P,  –directory-prefix=PREFIX  \u4ee5 PREFIX\/… \u4fdd\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6
\n–cut-dirs=NUMBER          \u5ffd\u7565\u8fdc\u7a0b\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d NUMBER \u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u5c42\u3002<\/p>\n
HTTP \u9009\u9879\uff1a
\n–http-user=USER        \u8bbe\u7f6e http \u7528\u6237\u540d\u4e3a USER\u3002
\n–http-password=PASS    \u8bbe\u7f6e http \u5bc6\u7801\u4e3a PASS\u3002
\n–no-cache              \u4e0d\u5728\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7f13\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u3002
\n–default-page=NAME     \u6539\u53d8\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9875
\n(\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9875\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u201cindex.html\u201d)\u3002
\n-E,  –adjust-extension      \u4ee5\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u540d\u4fdd\u5b58 HTML\/CSS \u6587\u6863\u3002
\n–ignore-length         \u5ffd\u7565\u5934\u90e8\u7684\u2018Content-Length\u2019\u533a\u57df\u3002
\n–header=STRING         \u5728\u5934\u90e8\u63d2\u5165 STRING\u3002
\n–max-redirect          \u6bcf\u9875\u6240\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u6700\u5927\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u3002
\n–proxy-user=USER       \u4f7f\u7528 USER \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ee3\u7406\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002
\n–proxy-password=PASS   \u4f7f\u7528 PASS \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ee3\u7406\u5bc6\u7801\u3002
\n–referer=URL           \u5728 HTTP \u8bf7\u6c42\u5934\u5305\u542b\u2018Referer: URL\u2019\u3002
\n–save-headers          \u5c06 HTTP \u5934\u4fdd\u5b58\u81f3\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n-U,  –user-agent=AGENT      \u6807\u8bc6\u4e3a AGENT \u800c\u4e0d\u662f Wget\/VERSION\u3002
\n–no-http-keep-alive    \u7981\u7528 HTTP keep-alive (\u6c38\u4e45\u8fde\u63a5)\u3002
\n–no-cookies            \u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528 cookies\u3002
\n–load-cookies=FILE     \u4f1a\u8bdd\u5f00\u59cb\u524d\u4ece FILE \u4e2d\u8f7d\u5165 cookies\u3002
\n–save-cookies=FILE     \u4f1a\u8bdd\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u4fdd\u5b58 cookies \u81f3 FILE\u3002
\n–keep-session-cookies  \u8f7d\u5165\u5e76\u4fdd\u5b58\u4f1a\u8bdd (\u975e\u6c38\u4e45) cookies\u3002
\n–post-data=STRING      \u4f7f\u7528 POST \u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u628a STRING \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u53d1\u9001\u3002
\n–post-file=FILE        \u4f7f\u7528 POST \u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u53d1\u9001 FILE \u5185\u5bb9\u3002
\n–content-disposition   \u5f53\u9009\u4e2d\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u65f6
\n\u5141\u8bb8 Content-Disposition \u5934\u90e8 (\u5c1a\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c)\u3002
\n–auth-no-challenge     \u53d1\u9001\u4e0d\u542b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8be2\u95ee\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u7b49\u5f85
\n\u7684\u57fa\u672c HTTP \u9a8c\u8bc1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
HTTPS (SSL\/TLS) \u9009\u9879\uff1a
\n–secure-protocol=PR     \u9009\u62e9\u5b89\u5168\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f auto\u3001SSLv2\u3001
\nSSLv3 \u6216\u662f TLSv1 \u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002
\n–no-check-certificate   \u4e0d\u8981\u9a8c\u8bc1\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002
\n–certificate=FILE       \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n–certificate-type=TYPE  \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8bc1\u4e66\u7c7b\u578b\uff0cPEM \u6216 DER\u3002
\n–private-key=FILE       \u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n–private-key-type=TYPE  \u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\uff0cPEM \u6216 DER\u3002
\n–ca-certificate=FILE    \u5e26\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4 CA \u8ba4\u8bc1\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n–ca-directory=DIR       \u4fdd\u5b58 CA \u8ba4\u8bc1\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u5217\u8868\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002
\n–random-file=FILE       \u5e26\u6709\u751f\u6210 SSL PRNG \u7684\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n–egd-file=FILE          \u7528\u4e8e\u547d\u540d\u5e26\u6709\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u7684 EGD \u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
FTP \u9009\u9879\uff1a
\n–ftp-user=USER         \u8bbe\u7f6e ftp \u7528\u6237\u540d\u4e3a USER\u3002
\n–ftp-password=PASS     \u8bbe\u7f6e ftp \u5bc6\u7801\u4e3a PASS\u3002
\n–no-remove-listing     \u4e0d\u8981\u5220\u9664\u2018.listing\u2019\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n–no-glob               \u4e0d\u5728 FTP \u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u5c55\u5f00\u3002
\n–no-passive-ftp        \u7981\u7528\u201cpassive\u201d\u4f20\u8f93\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002
\n–retr-symlinks         \u9012\u5f52\u76ee\u5f55\u65f6\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6 (\u800c\u975e\u76ee\u5f55)\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9012\u5f52\u4e0b\u8f7d\uff1a
\n-r,  –recursive          \u6307\u5b9a\u9012\u5f52\u4e0b\u8f7d\u3002
\n-l,  –level=NUMBER       \u6700\u5927\u9012\u5f52\u6df1\u5ea6 (inf \u6216 0 \u4ee3\u8868\u65e0\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u5168\u90e8\u4e0b\u8f7d)\u3002
\n–delete-after       \u4e0b\u8f7d\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u5220\u9664\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n-k,  –convert-links      \u8ba9\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5f97\u5230\u7684 HTML \u6216 CSS \u4e2d\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n-K,  –backup-converted   \u5728\u8f6c\u6362\u6587\u4ef6 X \u524d\u5148\u5c06\u5b83\u5907\u4efd\u4e3a X.orig\u3002
\n-m,  –mirror             -N -r -l inf –no-remove-listing \u7684\u7f29\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002
\n-p,  –page-requisites    \u4e0b\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a HTML \u9875\u9762\u7684\u56fe\u7247\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002
\n–strict-comments    \u7528\u4e25\u683c\u65b9\u5f0f (SGML) \u5904\u7406 HTML \u6ce8\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9012\u5f52\u63a5\u53d7\/\u62d2\u7edd\uff1a
\n-A,  –accept=LIST               \u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u540d\u5217\u8868\u3002
\n-R,  –reject=LIST               \u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u8981\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u540d\u5217\u8868\u3002
\n-D,  –domains=LIST              \u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u57df\u5217\u8868\u3002
\n–exclude-domains=LIST      \u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u8981\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u57df\u5217\u8868\u3002
\n–follow-ftp                \u8ddf\u8e2a HTML \u6587\u6863\u4e2d\u7684 FTP \u94fe\u63a5\u3002
\n–follow-tags=LIST          \u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7684 HTML \u6807\u8bc6\u5217\u8868\u3002
\n–ignore-tags=LIST          \u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5ffd\u7565\u7684 HTML \u6807\u8bc6\u5217\u8868\u3002
\n-H,  –span-hosts                \u9012\u5f52\u65f6\u8f6c\u5411\u5916\u90e8\u4e3b\u673a\u3002
\n-L,  –relative                  \u53ea\u8ddf\u8e2a\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002
\n-I,  –include-directories=LIST  \u5141\u8bb8\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002
\n–trust-server-names             use the name specified by the redirection
\nurl last component.
\n-X,  –exclude-directories=LIST  \u6392\u9664\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002
\n-np, –no-parent                 \u4e0d\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u7236\u76ee\u5f55\u3002
\n\u53c2\u6570\u6709\u70b9\u591a\uff0c\u6ca1\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u638c\u63e1\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u518d\u67e5<\/p>\n
wget\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u4e0b\u8f7d\u67d0\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cwget \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5730\u5740<\/h1>\n
$wget https:\/\/blog.csdn.net\/qq_38646470<\/a>
\nvmstat
\nvmstat\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nvmstat reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, disks and cpu activity.<\/p>\n
vmstat\u62a5\u544a\u6709\u5173\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u9875\u9762\u8c03\u5ea6\uff0c\u5757IO\uff0c\u9677\u9631\uff0c\u78c1\u76d8\u548ccpu\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
vmstat\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nvmstat [options] [delay [count]]<\/p>\n
vmstat\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-a\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u548c\u975e\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5185\u5b58<\/p>\n
-f\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u81f3\u4eca\u7684fork\u6570\u91cf \u3002<\/p>\n
-m\uff1a\u663e\u793aslabinfo<\/p>\n
-n\uff1a\u53ea\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u6b21\u5404\u5b57\u6bb5\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n
-s\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u76f8\u5173\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u53ca\u591a\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u6d3b\u52a8\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
delay\uff1a\u5237\u65b0\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u6761\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
count\uff1a\u5237\u65b0\u6b21\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u5237\u65b0\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u5237\u65b0\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5237\u65b0\u6b21\u6570\u4e3a\u65e0\u7a77\u3002<\/p>\n
-d\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u78c1\u76d8\u76f8\u5173\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
-p\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-S\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u5355\u4f4d\u663e\u793a\u3002\u53c2\u6570\u6709 k \u3001K \u3001m \u3001M \uff0c\u5206\u522b\u4ee3\u88681000\u30011024\u30011000000\u30011048576\u5b57\u8282\uff08byte\uff09\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5355\u4f4d\u4e3aK\uff081024 bytes\uff09<\/p>\n
vmstat\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u60c5\u51b5<\/h1>\n
$ vmstat
\nprocs ———–memory———- —swap– —–io—- -system– ——cpu—–
\nr  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
\n1  0      0 23764228 507816 36953948    0    0     3     5    0    0  1  0 98  0  0
\n\u89e3\u91ca
\nProcs\uff08\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n
r: \u8fd0\u884c\u961f\u5217\u4e2d\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u91cf<\/p>\n
b: \u7b49\u5f85IO\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u91cf<\/p>\n
Memory\uff08\u5185\u5b58\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n
swpd: \u4f7f\u7528\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n
free: \u53ef\u7528\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n
buff: \u7528\u4f5c\u7f13\u51b2\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n
cache: \u7528\u4f5c\u7f13\u5b58\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n
Swap\uff1a<\/p>\n
si: \u6bcf\u79d2\u4ece\u4ea4\u6362\u533a\u5199\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n
so: \u6bcf\u79d2\u5199\u5165\u4ea4\u6362\u533a\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n
IO\uff1a\uff08\u73b0\u5728\u7684Linux\u7248\u672c\u5757\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a1024bytes\uff09<\/p>\n
bi: \u6bcf\u79d2\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684\u5757\u6570<\/p>\n
bo: \u6bcf\u79d2\u5199\u5165\u7684\u5757\u6570<\/p>\n
\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a<\/p>\n
in: \u6bcf\u79d2\u4e2d\u65ad\u6570\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65f6\u949f\u4e2d\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n
cs: \u6bcf\u79d2\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5207\u6362\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
CPU\uff08\u4ee5\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u8868\u793a\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n
us: \u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4(user time)<\/p>\n
sy: \u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4(system time)<\/p>\n
id: \u7a7a\u95f2\u65f6\u95f4(\u5305\u62ecIO\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4),\u4e2d\u592e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u7a7a\u95f2\u65f6\u95f4 \u3002\u4ee5\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n
wa: \u7b49\u5f85IO\u65f6\u95f4<\/p>\n
\u8868\u793a\u57283\u79d2\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u8fdb\u884c3\u6b21\u91c7\u6837\u3002\u5c06\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u6c47\u603b\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u53cd\u6620\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/h1>\n
$vmstat 3 3<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edffork\u591a\u5c11\u6b21<\/h1>\n
$ vmstat -f
\n166484246 forks<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$vmstat -s<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u78c1\u76d8\u7684\u8bfb\/\u5199<\/h1>\n
$vmstat -d<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684slab\u4fe1\u606f<\/h1>\n
$vmstat -m
\nfree
\nfree\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nfree  displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers and caches used by the kernel.<\/p>\n
free\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ef\u7528\u548c\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\u548c\u4ea4\u6362\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u603b\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5185\u6838\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u548c\u9ad8\u901f\u7f13\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n
free\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nfree [options]<\/p>\n
free\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-b \u4ee5Byte\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
-k \u4ee5KB\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
-m \u4ee5MB\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
-g  \u4ee5GB\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
-o \u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u8c03\u8282\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n
-s<\u95f4\u9694\u79d2\u6570> \u6301\u7eed\u89c2\u5bdf\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u72b6\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
-t \u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u603b\u548c\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n
free\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5<\/h1>\n
$ free
\ntotal        used        free      shared  buff\/cache   available
\nMem:       65808884     4582700    23754736         684    37471448    60913052
\n$ free -h
\ntotal        used        free      shared  buff\/cache   available
\nMem:            62G        4.4G         22G        684K         35G         58G
\nSwap:            0B          0B          0B
\n\u89e3\u91ca
\ntotal:\u603b\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n
used:\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n
free:\u53ef\u7528\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
Shared:\u591a\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u603b\u989d\u3002<\/p>\n
Buffers\/cached:\u78c1\u76d8\u7f13\u5b58\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c(-\/+ buffers\/cached):<\/p>\n
used:\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n
free:\u53ef\u7528\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5468\u671f\u6027\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c5s\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21<\/h1>\n
$ free -s 5
\ntop
\ntop\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nThe  top  program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system.  It can display system summary information as well as a list of processes or threads currently being managed by the Linux kernel.  The types of system summary information shown and the types, order and size of information displayed for  processes  are  all  user configurable and that configuration can be made persistent across restarts.
\nThe  program  provides a limited interactive interface for process manipulation as well as a much more extensive interface for personal configuration  —  encompassing every aspect of its operation.  And while top is referred to throughout this document, you are free to name the program anything you wish.  That new name, possibly  an alias, will then be reflected on top’s display and used when reading and writing a configuration file.<\/p>\n
top\u7a0b\u5e8f\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u5b9e\u65f6\u89c6\u56fe\u3002 \u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6458\u8981\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u53caLinux\u5185\u6838\u5f53\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6216\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002 \u6240\u663e\u793a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6458\u8981\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u663e\u793a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u987a\u5e8f\u548c\u5927\u5c0f\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u914d\u7f6e\u5728\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u540e\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002
\n\u8be5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e3a\u6d41\u7a0b\u64cd\u4f5c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u9650\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u914d\u7f6e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u754c\u9762-\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5176\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u672c\u6587\u6863\u4e2d\u59cb\u7ec8\u5f15\u7528top\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u4e3a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u547d\u540d\u3002 \u7136\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u65b0\u540d\u79f0\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u522b\u540d\uff09\u5c06\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u9876\u90e8\u7684\u663e\u793a\u5c4f\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8bfb\u5199\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
top\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\ntop -hv|-bcHiOSs -d secs -n max -u|U user -p pid -o fld -w [cols]<\/p>\n
top\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-b \u6279\u5904\u7406<\/p>\n
-c \u663e\u793a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6cbb\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n
-I \u5ffd\u7565\u5931\u6548\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n
-s \u4fdd\u5bc6\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n
-S \u7d2f\u79ef\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n
-i<\u65f6\u95f4> \u8bbe\u7f6e\u95f4\u9694\u65f6\u95f4<\/p>\n
-u<\u7528\u6237\u540d> \u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u540d<\/p>\n
-p<\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7> \u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
-n<\u6b21\u6570> \u5faa\u73af\u663e\u793a\u7684\u6b21\u6570<\/p>\n
top\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
top<\/h1>\n
$ top
\ntop – 00:56:07 up 149 days, 14:40,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.02, 0.05
\nTasks: 254 total,   1 running, 253 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
\n%Cpu(s):  1.4 us,  0.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 98.3 id,  0.1 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
\nKiB Mem : 65808884 total, 23749772 free,  4586160 used, 37472952 buff\/cache
\nKiB Swap:        0 total,        0 free,        0 used. 60909608 avail Mem<\/p>\n
PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
\n24397 dongshan  20   0 17.972g 688312  13728 S   6.2  1.0   7:09.11 java
\n1 root      20   0   42140   3684   1476 S   0.0  0.0  23:58.88 systemd
\n2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:05.47 kthreadd
\n3 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:16.06 ksoftirqd\/0
\n5 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker\/0:0H
\n7 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   1:27.00 migration\/0
\n8 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh
\n9 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcuob\/0
\n\u89e3\u91ca
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u4efb\u52a1\u961f\u5217\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u540c uptime \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u53c2\u6570\u8bf4\u660e\u60c5\u51b5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
00:56:07 \u2014 \u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4<\/p>\n
up 149 days, 14:40 \u2014 \u7cfb\u7edf\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fd0\u884c\u4e86149\u592914\u5c0f\u65f640\u5206\u949f\uff08\u5728\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u542f\u8fc7\u7684\uff09<\/p>\n
1users \u2014 \u5f53\u524d\u67091\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u7cfb\u7edf<\/p>\n
load average: 0.00, 0.02, 0.05 \u2014 load average\u540e\u9762\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6570\u5206\u522b\u662f1\u5206\u949f\u30015\u5206\u949f\u300115\u5206\u949f\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
load average\u6570\u636e\u662f\u6bcf\u96945\u79d2\u949f\u68c0\u67e5\u4e00\u6b21\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6309\u7279\u5b9a\u7b97\u6cd5\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u7684\u6570\u503c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u9664\u4ee5\u903b\u8f91CPU\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u9ad8\u4e8e5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u8868\u660e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u8d85\u8d1f\u8377\u8fd0\u8f6c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\uff0cTasks \u2014 \u4efb\u52a1\uff08\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff09<\/p>\n
\u7cfb\u7edf\u73b0\u5728\u5171\u6709254\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u67091\u4e2a\uff0c253\u4e2a\u5728\u4f11\u7720\uff08sleep\uff09\uff0cstoped\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u67090\u4e2a\uff0czombie\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u50f5\u5c38\uff09\u7684\u67090\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\uff0ccpu\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
%Cpu(s):  1.4 us,  0.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 98.3 id,  0.1 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st<\/p>\n
1.4 us \u2014 \u7528\u6237\u7a7a\u95f4\u5360\u7528CPU\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n
0.3 sy \u2014 \u5185\u6838\u7a7a\u95f4\u5360\u7528CPU\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n
0.0 ni \u2014 \u6539\u53d8\u8fc7\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528CPU\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/p>\n
98.3 id \u2014 \u7a7a\u95f2CPU\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/p>\n
0.1 wa \u2014 IO\u7b49\u5f85\u5360\u7528CPU\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/p>\n
0.0 hi \u2014 \u786c\u4e2d\u65ad\uff08Hardware IRQ\uff09\u5360\u7528CPU\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/p>\n
0.0 si \u2014 \u8f6f\u4e2d\u65ad\uff08Software Interrupts\uff09\u5360\u7528CPU\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u56db\u884c,\u5185\u5b58\u72b6\u6001<\/p>\n
65808884 total  \u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\u603b\u91cf<\/p>\n
23749772 free  \u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u603b\u91cf<\/p>\n
4586160 used   \u7a7a\u95f2\u5185\u5b58\u603b\u91cf<\/p>\n
37472952 buff\/cache  \u7f13\u5b58\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u91cf<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e94\u884c\uff0cswap\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
0 total   \u4ea4\u6362\u533a\u603b\u91cf<\/p>\n
0 use   \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u533a\u603b\u91cf<\/p>\n
0 free   \u7a7a\u95f2\u4ea4\u6362\u533a\u603b\u91cf<\/p>\n
60909608 avail Mem  \u53ef\u7528\u4ea4\u6362\u533a\u603b\u91cf<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e03\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff1a\u5404\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff08\u4efb\u52a1\uff09\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u76d1\u63a7<\/p>\n
PID \u2014 \u8fdb\u7a0bid<\/p>\n
USER \u2014 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u6709\u8005<\/p>\n
PR \u2014 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/p>\n
NI \u2014 nice\u503c\u3002\u8d1f\u503c\u8868\u793a\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff0c\u6b63\u503c\u8868\u793a\u4f4e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/p>\n
VIRT \u2014 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u603b\u91cf\uff0c\u5355\u4f4dkb\u3002VIRT=SWAP+RES<\/p>\n
RES \u2014 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u3001\u672a\u88ab\u6362\u51fa\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5355\u4f4dkb\u3002RES=CODE+DATA<\/p>\n
SHR \u2014 \u5171\u4eab\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5355\u4f4dkb<\/p>\n
S \u2014 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001\u3002D=\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001 R=\u8fd0\u884c S=\u7761\u7720 T=\u8ddf\u8e2a\/\u505c\u6b62 Z=\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
%CPU \u2014 \u4e0a\u6b21\u66f4\u65b0\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u7684CPU\u65f6\u95f4\u5360\u7528\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/p>\n
%MEM \u2014 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/p>\n
TIME+ \u2014 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684CPU\u65f6\u95f4\u603b\u8ba1\uff0c\u5355\u4f4d1\/100\u79d2<\/p>\n
COMMAND \u2014 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u79f0\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u540d\/\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\uff09<\/p>\n
sar
\nsar\u4ecb\u7ecd
\nsar\uff08System Activity Reporter\u7cfb\u7edf\u6d3b\u52a8\u60c5\u51b5\u62a5\u544a\uff09\u662f\u76ee\u524d Linux \u4e0a\u6700\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u80fd\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bfb\u5199\u60c5\u51b5\u3001 \u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3001\u78c1\u76d8I\/O\u3001CPU\u6548\u7387\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u72b6\u51b5\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6d3b\u52a8\u53caIPC\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n
sar\u53c2\u6570\u683c\u5f0f
\nsar [options] [-A] [-o file] t [n]<\/p>\n
sar\u547d\u4ee4\u53c2\u6570
\n-A\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u603b\u548c<\/p>\n
-u\uff1a\u8f93\u51faCPU\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-v\uff1a\u8f93\u51fainode\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5185\u6838\u8868\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-d\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-r\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u5185\u5b58\u548c\u4ea4\u6362\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-b\uff1a\u663e\u793aI\/O\u548c\u4f20\u9001\u901f\u7387\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-a\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u5199\u60c5\u51b5<\/p>\n
-c\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6bcf\u79d2\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570<\/p>\n
-R\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u5185\u5b58\u9875\u9762\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
-y\uff1a\u7ec8\u7aef\u8bbe\u5907\u6d3b\u52a8\u60c5\u51b5<\/p>\n
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